Relationship between Organophosphate and Pyrethroid Insecticides in Blood and Their Metabolites in Urine: A Pilot Study

Simaremare, Sailent Rizki Sari; Hung, Chien-Che; Hsieh, Chia‐Jung; Yiin, Lih‐Ming

doi:10.3390/ijerph17010034

Cited by 36 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 48 publications

(63 reference statements)

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“…This exposure to high-level pesticides by small-scale farmers is associated with some alterations in the hematological parameters and abnormalities in the urine 43 and oxidative stress that may cause severe diseases in the exposed populations. 44 Due to persistence, and bioaccumulation, the mean concentration of SPs in blood samples of SSFs was higher than that of the same samples of Taiwan 45 and Benin. 13 A plausible reason for this difference is the extensive use of DDT for controlling malaria among farmers currently, and Ruiz-Suárez et al 41 used to distinguish between current and historical exposure to DDT.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Evaluating the Level of Pesticides in the Blood of Small-Scale Farmers and Its Associated Risk Factors in Western Ethiopia

Afata

Mekonen

Tucho

2021

Environ�Health�Insights

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Background: The presence of agricultural pesticide residue can cause adverse health effects.The main objective of this study was to evaluate the level of pesticides in the blood of small-scale farmers (SSFs) and associated risk factors in western Ethiopia. Methods: Across sectional study was conducted in June 2020 using 240 blood samples, 140 from the exposed small-scale farmers (ESSFs) and 100 from non-exposed small-scale farmers (NESSFs). The blood sample analysis was mad for 5 organochlorines (OCs) and 3 synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) pesticides by gas-liquid chromatography with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD) methods. Extraction, and clean up of the samples were made by using standard analytical methods. To define the relationships between the outcomes and explanatory variables, logistic regression models were used. Results: The results shows that p,p’-DDT, heptachlor and deltamethrin were the most frequently detected pesticides with 96.4%, 95%, and 100% in both ESSFs and NESSFs, respectively. The ESSFs blood samples have shown the highest mean concentrations of permethrin and p,p'-DDT(1.26 ± 0.15) and (0.28 ± 0.4) mgL−1, respectively. SSFs under the age of 40 were 21% less likely to be exposed to permethrin than those above the age of 40 (Adjusted Odd Ratio, AOR, 0.21; 95% CI: 0.1-0.44). Male SSFs were 17 times more likely to be exposed to heptachlor than females (AOR, 17.36; 95%CI: 7.34-41.09) and farmers with no formal education were 18 times more likely to be exposed to deltamethrin than those with primary schools and beyond (AOR, 18.1; 95 %CI: 4.53-72.06). Furthermore, SSFs that did not use PPE appropriately were 3.6 and 6.21 times more likely to be exposed to cypermethrin (AOR, 3.6; 95%CI: 1.94-6.54) and p,p'-DDE(AOR, 6.21; 95%CI: 3.38-11.41) blood levels than those who did, respectively. SSFs that perform different activities like eating and drinking (11%), chewing (10%), and diverse activities (8%) were more likely to be exposed to p,p′-DDT than those farmers who didn’t use pesticides. Conclusions: This study identified a high concentration p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, heptachlor, cypermethrin, permethrin, and deltamethrin in the blood of small scale farmers. The older age, less education, and farmers with inappropriate PPE use are more likely exposed to pesticides.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Table 3 shows the logistic regression analysis for p,p′-DDE, p, p-DDT, and heptachlor concentrations in the blood of both ) in blood with different countries (reference for Mexico, 41 libya, 42 Brazil, 40 and Taiwan 45 ).…”

Section: Factors Associated With Some Ocps In Blood Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the Level of Pesticides in the Blood of Small-Scale Farmers and Its Associated Risk Factors in Western Ethiopia

Afata

Mekonen

Tucho

2021

Environ�Health�Insights

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“…Lastly, none of the human studies used biomonitoring collection methods as a way of measuring OP exposure. Environmental exposure to OPs occurs primarily via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact [ 76 , 77 , 78 ]. After absorption, OPs make their way into the blood circulatory system, are metabolized by Phase I and Phase II enzymes, and then excreted in the urine [ 77 , 78 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Environmental exposure to OPs occurs primarily via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact [ 76 , 77 , 78 ]. After absorption, OPs make their way into the blood circulatory system, are metabolized by Phase I and Phase II enzymes, and then excreted in the urine [ 77 , 78 ]. Biomonitoring methods for OPs usually aim to detect their metabolites, which most commonly include dialkyl phosphates (DAPs), in the blood, urine, saliva, or tissue.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure and Breast Cancer Risk: A Rapid Review of Human, Animal, and Cell-Based Studies

Yang

Lee

Park

2020

IJERPH

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Background: Organophosphate pesticides (OPs) are one of the most commonly used classes of insecticides in the U.S., and metabolites of OPs have been detected in the urine of >75% of the U.S. population. While studies have shown that OP exposure is associated with risk of neurological diseases and some cancers, the relationship between OP exposure and breast cancer risk is not well understood. Methods: The aim of this rapid review was to systematically evaluate published literature on the relationship between OP exposure and breast cancer risk, including both epidemiologic and laboratory studies. Twenty-seven full-text articles were reviewed by searching on Pubmed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases. Results: Some human studies showed that malathion, terbufos, and chlorpyrifos were positively associated with human breast cancer risk, and some laboratory studies demonstrated that malathion and chlorpyrifos have estrogenic potential and other cancer-promoting properties. However, the human studies were limited in number, mostly included agricultural settings in several geographical areas in the U.S., and did not address cumulative exposure. Conclusions: Given the mixed results found in both human and laboratory studies, more research is needed to further examine the relationship between OP exposure and breast cancer risk, especially in humans in non-agricultural settings.

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“…Their contamination in the environment may result in their availability in agricultural products, water, soil and air. The metabolism of organophosphates in human beings, environmental matrices and microbes has generated dialkyl phosphates (Ohshiro et al 1996;Racke 1992;Simaremare et al 2019) The metabolites of organophosphates comprise dimethyl phosphate (DMP), dimethyl thiophosphate (DMTP), dimethyl dithiophosphate (DMDTP), diethyl phosphate (DEP), diethyl thiophosphate (DETP) and diethyl dithiophosphate (DEDTP). Each corresponds to the exposure of one or more types of organophosphates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biosensors for the detection of organophosphate exposure by a new diethyl thiophosphate-specific aptamer

et al. 2021

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Objective An aptamer speci cally binding to diethyl thiophosphate (DETP) was constructed and incorporated in an optical sensor and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to enable the speci c measurement of DETP as a metabolite and a biomarker of exposure to organophosphates.Results DETP-bound aptamer was selected from the library using capillary electrophoresis-systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (CE-SELEX). A colorimetric method revealed the aptamer had the highest a nity to DETP with a mean Kd value (± SD) of 0.103 ± 0.014 µM. Changes in resistance using EIS showed selectivity of the aptamer for DETP higher than for dithiophosphate (DEDTP) and diethyl phosphate (DEP) which have similar structure and are metabolites of some of the same organophosphates. The mean (± SD) of percentage of altered resistance of DETP was calculated at 47.5 ± 8.8% which was signi cantly higher than of DEDTP at 14.3 ± 1.5% and of DEP at 7.0 ± 1.4%.Conclusions The current method showed a great promise in using the DETP-speci c aptamer to detect the exposure history to organophosphates, by measuring their metabolite, although degradation of organophosphate parent compounds might occur.

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Relationship between Organophosphate and Pyrethroid Insecticides in Blood and Their Metabolites in Urine: A Pilot Study

Cited by 36 publications

References 48 publications

Evaluating the Level of Pesticides in the Blood of Small-Scale Farmers and Its Associated Risk Factors in Western Ethiopia

Evaluating the Level of Pesticides in the Blood of Small-Scale Farmers and Its Associated Risk Factors in Western Ethiopia

Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure and Breast Cancer Risk: A Rapid Review of Human, Animal, and Cell-Based Studies

Biosensors for the detection of organophosphate exposure by a new diethyl thiophosphate-specific aptamer

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