Relationship between Metabolic Syndrome and History of Cervical Cancer among a US National Population

Abstract

The metabolic changes present in the metabolic syndrome (MetS) have been associated with increased risk of pancreatic and colon cancers; however, there is little information about the association between MetS and cervical cancer risk. We performed a case-control study using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 1999–2010. We identified women 21 years of age and older, of which an estimated 585,924 (2.3% of the sample) self-reported a history of cervical cancer (cases). About half (48.6%) of cases and 33.2% of controls met criteria for MetS. Logistic regression analysis showed increased odds of history of cervical cancer among women with MetS (OR = 1.9; 95% CI 1.06, 3.42; P value ≤ 0.05) for the risk of history of cervical cancer among women with MetS while adjusting for other known risk factors (high number of lifetime sexual partners, multiparty, history of hormonal contraceptive use, and history of smoking) (AOR = 1.82; 95% CI 1.02, 3.26; P value ≤ 0.05). In this US surveyed population we found increased odds of history of cervical cancer among subjects with MetS.

Association of Metabolic Syndrome and Human Papillomavirus Infection in Men and Women Residing in the United States

“…The prevalence of HPV was much higher in females compared with males in the presence of MetS. We found that the presence of MetS was positively associated with positive antibodies against HPV 6,11,16,or 18 genotypes. The adjusted association also supported that MetS increases the risk of HPV positivity to a similar extent in both males and females.…”

“…We theorize that our findings differ with Liu and colleagues' study due to the different definitions of HPV infection. In our study, HPV positivity was based on serum sample results for genotypes HPV 6,11,16,or 18, whereas Liu and colleagues' study was based on self-collected vaginal swabs with testing for any of the 37 HPV subtypes. In contrast, a more recent prospective study conducted in China among females showed that MetS increases the risk of HPV infection (25).…”

“…It is estimated that in the United States, 33% of adults have MetS, with a higher prevalence among women, Hispanics, and older adults (14). This syndrome has been associated with an increased risk for various cancer types, namely, cervical (15,16), prostate (17), colorectal (18), liver (19), and pancreatic cancers (20); furthermore, the presence of MetS may increase cancer mortality (21) and morbidity (22). Theories of synergism among the components of MetS that increase cancer risk via chronic inflammation and oxidative stress have been proposed (23).…”

Metabolic Syndrome and Infertility in Women

“…Furthermore, insulin deficiency has been linked to defective ovulation, and this can be reversed through treatment with insulin in diabetic rodents. Ovarian protein glycation has been described in non-diabetic mice and hamsters (65) and has the likelihood of affecting ovarian aging in mice (65). These observations are suggestive of the direct harmful effects of hyperglycemia and low insulin levels on ovarian functions, which in turn have a direct impact on women's fertility (66,67).…”

Metabolic Syndrome and Prevalent Any-site, Prostate, Breast and Colon Cancers in the U.S. Adult Population: NHANES 1999-2010

“…On the basis of previous literature, the following were included as covariates in our analyses [24]. Total physical activity level was based on physical activity due to house/yard work, transportation and recreational/leisure-time activities.…”