Relationship Between Item and Source Memory: Explanation of Connection-Strength Model

Guo, Jing; Shubeck, Keith T.; Hu, Xiangen

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.691577

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 154 publications

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“…One such contextual element is the ability to source the content of a memory to the correct person, a process known as source memory. Whether source memory reflects a common or unique cognitive process is of considerable debate within the literature (Davachi et al, 2003;Glisky et al, 1995;Guo et al, 2021;Madan et al, 2017;Mather, 2007;Slotnick et al, 2003). Self-reference effects have also been studied in source memory.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Loneliness is associated with greater cognitive distance between the self and a close friend

Kokici¹,

Chirtop

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Loneliness describes the distressing experience associated with perceived social disconnection. Despite the clear links between loneliness and mental and physical health, relatively little is known about how loneliness affects cognition. To assess the effects of loneliness on cognitive distance between the self and others, participants completed an implicit memory task for adjectives encoded in relation to the self, a close friend, or a celebrity. We assessed item memory accuracy and sensitivity, and depth of processing was assessed through source monitoring and metamemory performance. In addition, participants reported their trait loneliness and depression. An overall self-referential advantage was identified compared with both friend and celebrity encoded items. Likewise, a friend-referential advantage was identified compared to celebrity-encoded items. Metacognitive sensitivity (sensitivity of confidence for correct and incorrect responses) and metacognitive bias (confidence regardless of accuracy) showed a similar pattern. Lonelier individuals showed a greater self-referential bias in comparison to words encoded in relation to a close friend, coupled with a smaller friend-referential bias in comparison to words encoded in relation to celebrity. More depressed individuals also showed a greater self-referential bias in comparison to words encoded in relation to a close friend, but this did not explain the relationship with loneliness. Therefore, perceived social isolation (loneliness) is reflected in a greater cognitive distance between self and close friends and this operates independent of depression. The results have important implications for understanding the social contextual effects on memory and the cognitive ramifications of loneliness.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Loneliness is associated with greater cognitive distance between the self and a close friend

Kokici¹,

Chirtop

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…Our sample of TBI patients, the majority of whom are motor vehicle accident patients, support this observation. The frontal and temporal lobes are areas known to be involved in memory including working memory ( 48 ), verbal memory and executive functioning ( 49 ), and the frontomedial circuits are important in the processing of episodic memory ( 50 ). There also seems to be a preponderance of right side FA reductions in our study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disruption of white matter integrity and its relationship with cognitive function in non-severe traumatic brain injury

et al. 2022

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BackgroundImpairment in cognitive function is a recognized outcome of traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the degree of impairment has variable relationship with TBI severity and time post injury. The underlying pathology is often due to diffuse axonal injury that has been found even in mild TBI. In this study, we examine the state of white matter putative connectivity in patients with non-severe TBI in the subacute phase, i.e., within 10 weeks of injury and determine its relationship with neuropsychological scores.MethodsWe conducted a case-control prospective study involving 11 male adult patients with non-severe TBI and an age-matched control group of 11 adult male volunteers. Diffusion MRI scanning and neuropsychological tests were administered within 10 weeks post injury. The difference in fractional anisotropy (FA) values between the patient and control groups was examined using tract-based spatial statistics. The FA values that were significantly different between patients and controls were then correlated with neuropsychological tests in the patient group.ResultsSeveral clusters with peak voxels of significant FA reductions (p < 0.05) in the white matter skeleton were seen in patients compared to the control group. These clusters were located in the superior fronto-occipital fasciculus, superior longitudinal fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus, and cingulum, as well as white matter fibers in the area of genu of corpus callosum, anterior corona radiata, superior corona radiata, anterior thalamic radiation and part of inferior frontal gyrus. Mean global FA magnitude correlated significantly with MAVLT immediate recall scores while matrix reasoning scores correlated positively with FA values in the area of right superior fronto-occipital fasciculus and left anterior corona radiata.ConclusionThe non-severe TBI patients had abnormally reduced FA values in multiple regions compared to controls that correlated with several measures of executive function during the sub-acute phase of TBI.

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“…For example, we may remember a particular insult (item memory), but it is also important to remember who that insult was directed at (source memory). There is contrasting evidence as to whether item and source memory reflect unique or overlapping cognitive processes (Guo et al, 2021).…”

Section: Concernsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Negative Comments and Social Media: How Cognitive Biases may Contribute to Body Image Concerns

Dent¹,

Martin²

2022

Preprint

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Body image concern is a highly prevalent issue thought to be exacerbated by social media. In addition to sociocultural factors, cognitive biases may also contribute to body image concerns. We explore whether cognitive biases in memory, for image-related words presented in a mock social-media context, are associated with body image concerns in young adult females. Participants were presented with a series of image-related comments aimed at either themselves, a close friend, or a celebrity in a recognisable social media context. Afterwards, a surprise memory task was completed that assessed item memory accuracy, metamemory, and source memory. Self-referential biases were identified for both item memory and source memory. Individuals with greater body image concern displayed a greater self-referential bias for correctly and incorrectly sourcing negative words to themselves compared with both friend and celebrity. A greater self-referential effect in metacognitive sensitivity was also associated with higher BIC. We provide novel evidence for a negative cognitive bias in sourcing negative image-related information to the self in individuals with higher body image concerns. The current study should inform cognitive remediation programmes aimed at treating individuals with body and eating-related disorders.

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Relationship Between Item and Source Memory: Explanation of Connection-Strength Model

Cited by 11 publications

References 154 publications

Loneliness is associated with greater cognitive distance between the self and a close friend

Loneliness is associated with greater cognitive distance between the self and a close friend

Disruption of white matter integrity and its relationship with cognitive function in non-severe traumatic brain injury

Negative Comments and Social Media: How Cognitive Biases may Contribute to Body Image Concerns

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