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The influence of tri‐ and di‐alkyltins (TATs and DATs) as well as di‐ and triphenyltin compounds (DPhTs and TPhTs) on haemolysis of red blood cells (RBCs) and stability of planar lipid membranes (PLMs) has been studied. The results obtained show that the efficiency of TATs (trimethyl‐, triethyl‐, tri‐n‐propyl‐ and tributyl‐tin chlorides) in destroying PLMs did not differ greatly when the compounds were studied in solutions of physiological pH (phosphate buffer, pH 7.4). A decrease in pH to 5.0 caused small changes in the efficiency of the three largest TAT molecules and a significant decrease in the efficiency of trimethyltin chloride. Both haemolytic and PLM experiments showed that the most active TAT was tri‐n‐propyltin chloride. The destructive action of DAT (dimethyl‐ and dibutyltin) and DPhT dichlorides was somewhat more differentiated. Dimethyltin dichloride (DMT) interaction with model membranes was a little weaker than that of DPhT and dibutyltin dichlorides and all these compounds influenced the model membranes to a lesser extent than TATs or TPhT. To bring about comparable haemolysis effects the dichlorides had to be used at much greater concentrations than the chlorides. The haemolytic properties of the dichlorides, especially of that of DMT, significantly increased in solution at pH 5.0. TPhT chloride interacted with model membranes similarly to TAT chlorides. Also, no great difference in efficiency of this compound was found for the two buffer solutions used. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of tri‐ and di‐alkyltins (TATs and DATs) as well as di‐ and triphenyltin compounds (DPhTs and TPhTs) on haemolysis of red blood cells (RBCs) and stability of planar lipid membranes (PLMs) has been studied. The results obtained show that the efficiency of TATs (trimethyl‐, triethyl‐, tri‐n‐propyl‐ and tributyl‐tin chlorides) in destroying PLMs did not differ greatly when the compounds were studied in solutions of physiological pH (phosphate buffer, pH 7.4). A decrease in pH to 5.0 caused small changes in the efficiency of the three largest TAT molecules and a significant decrease in the efficiency of trimethyltin chloride. Both haemolytic and PLM experiments showed that the most active TAT was tri‐n‐propyltin chloride. The destructive action of DAT (dimethyl‐ and dibutyltin) and DPhT dichlorides was somewhat more differentiated. Dimethyltin dichloride (DMT) interaction with model membranes was a little weaker than that of DPhT and dibutyltin dichlorides and all these compounds influenced the model membranes to a lesser extent than TATs or TPhT. To bring about comparable haemolysis effects the dichlorides had to be used at much greater concentrations than the chlorides. The haemolytic properties of the dichlorides, especially of that of DMT, significantly increased in solution at pH 5.0. TPhT chloride interacted with model membranes similarly to TAT chlorides. Also, no great difference in efficiency of this compound was found for the two buffer solutions used. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of diphenyltin dichloride (DPhT), triphenyltin chloride (TPhT) and tetraphenyltin (TTPhT) on the thermotropic phase behaviour of phosphatidylcholine bilayers were studied. All the phenyltin compounds investigated affected phase transitions differently. TTPhT broadened the main phase transition but it left the transition temperatures and enthalpy unchanged. TPhT reduced the transition temperatures and the enthalpies while DPhT showed a dual effect on the pretransition and the main transition. At low concentrations DPhT reduced the temperatures of the transitions slightly and at higher concentrations it increased them.Based on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and also 1 H NMR and 31 P NMR measurements, it is suggested that DPhT induces interdigitated gel phase formation and TPhT induces hexagonal phase formation. TTPhT seems to affect the structure only a little. The toxic activity of DPhT and TPhT seems to be connected with their ability to induce changes in the membrane structure.
A compound's ability to penetrate the plasma membrane of a cell is the critical parameter that determines its potential to become a biologically potent factor. A well-known group of organotin compounds that exhibit toxic properties in relation to biological systems are phenyltins. There are as yet no studies that in a direct manner have established whether organotin compounds such as diphenyltin dichloride (DPhT) and triphenyltin chloride (TPhT) diffuse, or not, through the lipid bilayer, although we know that at least some organotins absorb in both liposome and biological membranes. In this paper we present a series of experiments that show transfer of these compounds across the lipid membrane using the stopped-flow technique. The results obtained demonstrate that DPhT and TPhT first adsorb onto the lipid bilayer surface, in a diffusion-controlled manner and within a very short time (0.05 s), whereas the membrane crossing was observed to be on the order of a minute. The adsorption process was easily fitted with a single exponential for both the compounds studied, indicating a single process phenomenon. The longer time kinetics (characteristic of membrane crossing) showed a complex dependence on compound concentration and the presence of cholesterol in the membrane. On passing from the outer to the inner surface of the bilayer, organotins undergo desorption and enter the liposome interior, which has been shown in lipid monolayer desorption studies. In conclusion, it can be stated that amphiphilic DPhT and TPhT permeate the liposome membrane.
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