Relationship between biomarkers of muscle damage and redox status in response to a weightlifting training session: effect of time-of-day

Abstract

The aims of the present study were to: (1) investigate the effect of a weightlifting training session and time-of-day (TOD) upon biological parameters (i.e., oral temperature, hematological, C-reactive protein (CRP), and oxidative stress) and (2) assess their possible link with muscle damage responses. Nine weightlifters (21 ± 0.5 years) performed, in a randomized order, three Olympic-Weightlifting sessions (i.e., at 08:00, 14:00, and 18:00). Blood samples were collected at rest, 3 min and 48 h after each training session. Between pre-and post-training session, ANOVA showed significant increases in oxidative stress markers at the three TODs (p < 0.01) and significant increases for creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) only at 08:00 and 18:00 (p < 0.05). At rest, the results showed a significant diurnal variation for the majority of the selected parameters except for malondialdehyde (MDA), total bilirubin, and CRP with higher values observed at 18:00 (p < 0.05). After the training session, given the higher rate of increase during the morning session, these diurnal variations persisted for temperature and WBC (p < 0.01) and were suppressed for CK, LDH, uric acid (UA), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. The main significant correlations (p < 0.001) were observed between: (1) CK and MDA (r = 0.6) and CK and UA (r = 0.66 and r = 0.82) during the morning and evening training sessions; (2) CK and CRP only during the morning session (r = 0.5); and (3) CRP and WBC during the three training sessions (r = 0.8). In conclusion, the present findings: (1) confirm that the muscle damage responses could be induced by a high level of oxidative stress and (2) suggest to avoid scheduling training sessions in the morning given the higher muscle damage, inflammatory, and oxidative responses at this TOD.

Effects of natural polyphenol-rich pomegranate juice on the acute and delayed response of Homocysteine and steroidal hormones following weightlifting exercises: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

“…Each training session comprised three Olympic Weightlifting exercises (snatch, clean and jerk, and squat) with 5 sets for each exercise and a total session duration of 1 h 46 min. Specifically, participants completed 2 sets of 3 repetitions at 85% of 1-RM and 3 sets of 2 repetitions at 90% of 1-RM) [20][21][22][23]. A passive recovery period of 5 and 8 min was administered between sets and the different Olympic-Weightlifting exercises [20][21][22][23].…”

“…Before and after (at 3 min and at 48 h post-training session) each training session, blood samples were collected. Before test sessions, participants underwent an overnight fast and were only permitted to drink one glass of water (15-20cL) to avoid the potential confounding influence of postprandial thermogenesis [20][21][22][23].…”

“…Given that randomly assigning the supplements would have resulted in some participants consuming the POMj supplement before the PLA supplement, and since the beneficial effects of POMj could persist for up to 3 weeks after consumption [51], we elected to avoid any potential confounding effect of POMj supplementation altering blood responses during the PLA condition by ensuring all participants completed the PLA condition first (non-randomized order) [10,11,26]. As the participants were well trained and familiar with the exercises, and as the protocol was completed by all participants during the regular training program, in the same hours of their regular training session (to avoid any time of day effect [22,23]) and in the middle of the precompetitive period, the authors assume that an order effect is less likely to have occurred [26].…”

“…Since POM supplementation has the potential to enhance physiological responses of people manifesting symptoms of physiological stress [5][6][7][8][9], and as intensive physical exercise is a potent and multifaceted physiological stressor [20][21][22][23], previous reports have suggested POM supplementation as an effective ergogenic and recovery aid for athletic populations [24,25]. The effectiveness of POM supplementation on exercise performance and post-exercise recovery has been shown by numerous studies [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33].…”

“…This exercise leads to an elevation of protein synthesis, activation of satellite cells, muscle cell signaling pathways and hormone responses [37]. Similarly, multiple physiological strain responses such as acute and delayed increases in muscle damage, oxidative stress and inflammation [20][21][22][23] have been also reported during strength exercise and particularly during Olympic weightlifting exercise. Therefore, weightlifting exercise, which is well known to elicit one of the highest peak power outputs and to requires high metabolic cost [38][39][40][41], was suggested to be the best exercise modality to test the efficacy of POM as an ergogenic and recovery aid supplementation during intensive exercise [10].…”