Relations between racial stress and critical consciousness for black adolescents

Raising justice‐minded youth: Parental ethnic‐racial and political socialization and Black youth's critical consciousness

“…For instance, Lozada et al (2017) found that the relationship between critical reflection of racial oppression and prosocial civic behaviors was mediated by critical agency (as measured by socioemotional skills) among Black boys. In a study of Black adolescents, Hope et al (2020) found that critical reflection that results in egalitarian beliefs was related to more critical agency. Further, scholars have found that Black early adolescents report agency to change their schools and communities that is catalyzed by a structural understanding of racial and economic oppression (Hope & Bañales, 2019).…”

“…In a study of Black adolescents, Hope et al. (2020) found that critical reflection that results in egalitarian beliefs was related to more critical agency. Further, scholars have found that Black early adolescents report agency to change their schools and communities that is catalyzed by a structural understanding of racial and economic oppression (Hope & Bañales, 2019).…”

Examining Critical Reflection as a Mediator Between School Racial Climate Experiences and Anti‐Racist Action

“…Specifically, our hypotheses about equal status and critical consciousness socialization were confirmed. Scholars have described how experiences with unfair treatment can alert youth to inequalities in society (Anyiwo et al, 2018;Hope et al, 2020;Rubin, 2007;Tyler et al, 2020), and our study shows how seeing racial inequalities in one's immediate school context may lead youth to conclude that their school experiences represent systemic issues (Hope et al, 2015). In an analysis with this sample that also included Asian American and White students, Byrd and Ahn (2020) also found that a profile that experienced high discrimination from school, online, and neighborhoods also had the highest critical reflection and action.…”

Anti‐racism activism among Black adolescents and emerging adults: Understanding the roles of racism and anticipatory racism‐related stress

“…Researchers have found empirical support for the associations between racism and activism among Black adolescents and emerging adults. For instance, more stress from experiences of racial discrimination (Hope, Smith, et al, 2020 ; Szymanski & Lewis, 2015 ) are related to more activism among Black emerging adults. Furthermore, among Black emerging adults, racial discrimination was associated with more depressive symptoms, but this association was not significant for those who reported high levels of support for Black Lives Matter (Watson‐Singleton et al, 2020 ).…”