“…Thus, American parents may use peer restriction contingently, such that they increase it if there is an increase in children’s adjustment problems and decrease it if such problems decrease. A similar “child-driven” process is possible in China (Xu et al, 2020), but because less emphasis is placed on independence in China (e.g., Markus & Kitayama, 1991), parents may not be as hesitant to use peer restriction—indeed, they are more likely to make decisions for children about personal issues, including friends, during early adolescence than are American parents (e.g., Qin et al, 2009). Thus, Chinese parents’ peer restriction may be less contingent on fluctuations in children’s adjustment.…”