“…First, the large majority of the studies describe either a single teaching approach, or approaches developed by a single instructor or institution, and most of them were conducted in a western context. Teaching approaches and classroom activities that have been suggested by these studies included peer feedback, spoken or written narratives, learner portfolios and role play (Gómez Rodríguez, 2014; Hidalgo Downing, 2012; Kramsch & Zhu, 2016; Lee, 2017); and a number of computer-mediated teaching approaches were also introduced, such as blogs, simultaneous on-line class and on-line forums (Meinecke, Smith, & Lehmann-Willenbrock, 2013; Yang, 2015; YoonHee, 2011). Second, there are also a small proportion of evaluative studies that assessed the effectiveness of intercultural teaching approaches, and both quantitative and qualitative enquiries can be found (Chao, 2013; Eliyahu-Levi & Ganz-Meishar, 2020; Grimminger-Seidensticker & Möhwald, 2020).…”