Relation of smoking with carotid artery wall thickness and stenosis in older adults. The Cardiovascular Health Study. The Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) Collaborative Research Group.

Tell, Grethe S.; Polak, J F; Ward, Beverly J.; Kittner, Steven J.; Savage, Peter J.; Robbins, Joseph

doi:10.1161/01.cir.90.6.2905

Cited by 129 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…[11][12][13] Further, there is abundant evidence for a strong association between cigarette smoking and extracranial carotid artery morphologic changes. 14,15 These pathologic changes may represent a better marker for, and be more discriminating than, accelerated atherosclerosis as a measure of smoking-related arterial injury. The influence of the altered physical characteristics of peripheral vasculature associated with acute cigarette smoking on pulsatile arterial function has not been rigorously studied.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Cigarette Smoking-Induced Hemodynamic Alterations in the Common Carotid Artery-A Transcranial Doppler Study-

Barutçu

Esen

Değirmenci³

et al. 2004

Circ J

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moking is known as a major risk factor in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease; 1 but despite extensive research, the pathophysiological mechanisms that are responsible for smoking-related vascular damage have not been elicited. In addition to alterations in hemostatic factors, endothelial function and blood lipids, the dynamic properties of the arterial wall may play an important role. 2 There is evidence that the compliance of both large and medium-sized arteries decreases immediately after smoking a cigarette. 3,4 It has also been shown that smoking increases cerebral blood flow velocity and reduces vasomotor reactivity for 10-30 min as revealed by transcranial Doppler sonography. 5 Ultrasound and Doppler methods are ideally suited for bedside examinations; Doppler and duplex techniques have been used to estimate cerebral blood flow in healthy adults by measuring flow volumes of the common carotid artery (CCA). 6,7 The aim of the present study was to determine the instantaneous effects of smoking a cigarette on CCA hemodynamics such as flow velocity and waveform parameters in healthy nonsmokers. Circulation Journal Vol.68, December 2004 MethodsSixteen healthy nonsmokers (12 males, 4 females; mean age 27±4 years), who had undergone a prior complete physical and echocardiographic examination to determine that they did not have a medical history or physical signs of cerebrovascular disease, comprised the study group. All subjects were asked to refrain from food intake and caffeine-containing beverages for at least 8 h before participating in the study, which was carried out between 09.00 h and 12.00 h. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant.Each subject rested in the supine position for at least 15 min on a comfortable bed in the test room to stabilize heart rate. Color duplex sonography of the entire extracranial carotid system was performed using a 7.0-MHz linear array transducer of a combined sonography system (Toshiba, Nemio 20, Tokyo, Japan). All participants were examined while supine with the head hyperextended and turned away from the side being scanned. The site of measurement was approximately 1.5 cm below the carotid bulb in the CCA. The B-mode image was magnified to achieve a higher resolution of detail and enable the luminal diameter of the vessels to be measured optimally. Because the CCA expanded markedly during a cardiac cycle, M-mode registration, noting minimum and maximum diameters, was used. In the color Doppler mode, the velocity range of the color scale was set slightly higher than the Nyquist limit to enable easy detection of flow disturbances. Pulsed Doppler measurement was done using a sample volume covering the entire luminal width. Flow velocities were recorded Background Cigarette smoking has been shown to temporarily alter cerebral flow velocity and vasomotor reactivity, so the aim of this study was to assess the acute effects of smoking a single cigarette on the common carotid artery (CCA) hemodynamics in healthy nonsmokers. Method and Resul...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Cigarette Smoking-Induced Hemodynamic Alterations in the Common Carotid Artery-A Transcranial Doppler Study-

Barutçu

Esen

Değirmenci³

et al. 2004

Circ J

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“…[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Some studies have failed to report a difference in C-IMT between former and current smokers, 6,12 which suggests that the effect of smoking on vascular walls is irreversible; yet, categorizations that do not take into account the extent and timing of smoking may yield misleading conclusions. For example, an individual with a 40-year history of cigarette smoking who stopped smoking 1 year ago is classified as a former smoker, but his/her C-IMT may well not differ from that of a current smoker.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of Timing and Extent of Smoking, Type of Cigarettes, and Concomitant Risk Factors on the Association Between Smoking and Subclinical Atherosclerosis

Baldassarre

Castelnuovo

Frigerio

et al. 2009

Stroke

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Background and Purpose-The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of timing and extent of smoking, type of cigarettes, and concomitant vascular risk factors (VRFs) on the association between smoking and carotid intima-media thickness (C-IMT) in a lipid clinic population. Methods-1804 patients (869 men, age 21 to 85 year) participated in the study. Smoking habits were recorded and C-IMTs were measured by B-mode ultrasound. The associations of C-IMT with smoking status (never, former, and current) and with the cigarettes' content of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide (alone or combined to define "light" or "regular" cigarettes) as well as the interactions between smoking status, gender, and VRFs were evaluated before and after adjustment for confounders. Results-C-IMT was highest in current smokers, lower in former, and lowest in never smokers. C-IMT of former and current smokers differed only after data adjustment for variables describing the extent and timing of smoking exposure.

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“…In addition, carotid artery atherosclerotic disease has been found with high prevalence in elderly patients with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, and DM. 13,14) The study of Adler, et al 8) was the first that showed a strong and significant association between the presence of MAC and carotid atherosclerosis. According to the results of their study, in the MAC group, MAC and age were the only independent predictors for carotid artery stenosis of ≥ 40%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association Between Mitral Annular Calcification and Stroke

et al. 2004

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SUMMARYIt remains controversial as to whether mitral annular calcification (MAC) is an independent predictor of stroke. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is an association between the presence of MAC and stroke or whether MAC is one of the predictive factors of carotid atheroma and therefore is a secondary risk for stroke.Fifty-six patients who had MAC demonstrated by echocardiography underwent carotid artery duplex sonography and computed brain tomography with various causes were enrolled in the study. They were compared with 58 control patients without MAC. MAC was defined as a dense, localized, highly reflective area larger than 5 mm at the junction of the atrioventricular groove and posterior mitral valve leaflet. Carotid artery stenosis was defined as lumen diameter narrowing exceeding 60%. Cerebral ischemia was detected by spiral tomography and was classified as infarction and lacunae.A significant association was found between the presence of MAC and carotid atheroma (P = 0.011), MAC and hyperechogen plaque (P = 0.034), and MAC and stenosis (P = 0.008). There was an association between the presence of carotid atheroma and cerebral infarction (P = 0.007). Logistic regression analysis revealed hypertension and diabetes mellitus were independent risk factors (P = 0.030, P = 0.034, respectively) for developing carotid atheroma. MAC was an independent factor for carotid stenosis (P = 0.029).MAC may not be a significant causative factor for stroke, but may be a secondary risk factor. A significant association between the presence of MAC and carotid artery atherosclerotic disease may explain the high prevalence of stroke in patients with MAC. (Jpn Heart J 2004; 45: 999-1005)

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Relation of smoking with carotid artery wall thickness and stenosis in older adults. The Cardiovascular Health Study. The Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) Collaborative Research Group.

Abstract: These findings extend previous reports of a positive relation between smoking and carotid artery disease to a population-based sample of older adults using several different indicators of atherosclerotic disease.

Cited by 129 publications

References 21 publications

Acute Cigarette Smoking-Induced Hemodynamic Alterations in the Common Carotid Artery-A Transcranial Doppler Study-

Acute Cigarette Smoking-Induced Hemodynamic Alterations in the Common Carotid Artery-A Transcranial Doppler Study-

Effects of Timing and Extent of Smoking, Type of Cigarettes, and Concomitant Risk Factors on the Association Between Smoking and Subclinical Atherosclerosis

Association Between Mitral Annular Calcification and Stroke

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