Relation of real self-rating to mood and blame, and their interaction in depression.

Laxer, Robert M.

doi:10.1037/h0041700

Cited by 23 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…It was not confirmed so this aspect of cognition was not specific to depression or to psychiatric illness in our sample. Laxer (1964) found that the 'ideal self' was stable over time and that it was the 'actual self' that changed. If this is correct, the onset of depression probably does not affect 'ideal self'.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self‐esteem in depression: A controlled repertory grid investigation

Axford¹,

Jerrom

1986

British Journal of Medical Psychology

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Repertory grids were used to investigate self-esteem and social perception in three groups: depressed in-patients, non-depressed psychiatric in-patients and a general hospital control group. Depression was measured by the Beck Depression Inventory. Depressives had significantly lower self-esteem and more negative social perception and negative feelings associated with 'actual self', as predicted by Beck's cognitive theory. Repertory grids are potentially useful tools for the development of cognitive theories of depression, and may also have a role in clinical practice using cognitive techniques.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self‐esteem in depression: A controlled repertory grid investigation

Axford¹,

Jerrom

1986

British Journal of Medical Psychology

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“…The main requirement is that the structure of each item has to be kept as simple as possible. We were forced to disregard Laxer's (1964) findings because he had defined his main variable, self-blame, in terms of a set of other variables associated with depression. Another important requirement is the appropriate choice of the psychological content of the item.…”

Section: Multi-item Questionnairesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The opportunity was taken to compare the results for these other feelings with those for guilt and its synonyms. Seven relevant sets of data, presented in six different papers (Foulds et al, 1960;Friedman, 1964; Laxer, 1964; Foulds, 1965; Harrow et al, 1%6; Harrow & Amdur, 1971), were studied. This paper makes a largely independent re-evaluation of these data.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relation of guilt and other feelings to the diagnosis of depression

Shapiro¹

1979

British Journal of Medical Psychology

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This paper reports a re-evaluation of seven sets of findings appearing in the research literature. The findings were derived from questionnaire studies of feelings of guilt and other feelings in diagnosed depressives and other psychiatric groups. The publications did not provide sufficient information to evaluate important inconsistencies in the findings. However, an examination of the structure and content of the questionnaires which were used made it possible to account for the discrepancies. There were three main conclusions. The first was that the only way to minimize the ambiguity of questionnaire responses was to avoid the use of multiple-item scales and only to use single-item questions which were constructed as simply as possible. The second was that depressives were not much different from other people in the degree of outwardly and inwardly directed hostility. The third was that, while guilt feelings, with certain provisos, tended to be associated with the diagnosis of depression, other feelings appeared to be both more prominent in and more strongly associated with depression. These feelings consisted of increments in feelings of loss, in the most general sense of the word, and decrements in general positive pleasant feelings. IntroductionNegative feelings about the self are widely regarded as an important feature of depression. Data that might throw light on this notion can be found in published studies that have made use of questionnaires to elicit feelings. As a first step, it was decided to examine studies in which the feeling of guilt, and some of its synonyms, had been assessed. Other, non-guilt, feelings were also assessed in most of these studies. The opportunity was taken to compare the results for these other feelings with those for guilt and its synonyms. Seven relevant sets of data, presented in six different papers (Foulds et al., 1960;Friedman, 1964;Laxer, 1964;Foulds, 1965; Harrow et al., 1%6; Harrow & Amdur, 1971), were studied. This paper makes a largely independent re-evaluation of these data.

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“…although mourning involves grave departures from the normal attitude to life, it never occurs to us to regard it as a pathological condition and to refer it to medical treatment'. Laxer (1964) takes a similar stand when discussing neurotic depression. He believes that a combination of very low mood (Freud's 'profoundly painful dejection') and high self-blame (Freud's 'self-revilings') is a necessary, if not sufficient, condition for the syndrome of neurotic depression.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%