Relation of chlorine, copper and sulphur to dioxin emission factors

Mechanisms for formation, chlorination, dechlorination and destruction of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs)

“…Sulfur and nitrogen compounds can be used as catalyst inhibitors [233]. They can easily form strong complexes with copper-based catalysts through their lone pairs of electrons [234,235]. Finally, sulfur compounds can easily become attached to the precursors or to the PCDD/F compounds producing sulfur analogues of PCDD/Fs [12].…”

Chlorobenzene Formation from Fly Ash: Effect of Moisture, Chlorine Gas, Cupric Chloride, Urea, Ammonia, and Ammonium Sulfate

“…Meanwhile, more than 60.29 nmol of chlorine replaced hydrogen atom under 1000 ppm Cl 2 , and the chlorination efficiency is 3.74 · 10 -5 . Cl 2 can boost PCDD/Fs formation in waste incineration (Thomas and Mccreight, 2008) and de novo formation in lab experiments (Wikstrom et al, 2003). When 200 ppm Cl 2 was added into an entrained flow reactor (Wikstrom et al, 2003), PCDF yield increased from 405 to 2500 pmol, with a promotion of 5.17 times.…”

Unintentional formation and emission of the persistent organic pollutants HCB and PCBs in the Nordic countries

“…A recent study has shown that the dioxin emissions from 17 different combustion categories are approximately linearly correlated with the copper and chlorine content of the feed material, whereas the dioxin emissions are linearly inverse in relation to the average content of sulphur in the feed material (Thomas and McCreight, 2007). Kim et al (2004) have shown that PCB and dioxin represent 7% and 9% respectively of the HCB stack emission.…”