RELATION BETWEEN LEVEL OF FOOD DEPRIVATION AND RATE OF SCHEDULE‐INDUCED ATTACK<sup>1</sup>

Dove, L. Duane

doi:10.1901/jeab.1976.25-63

Cited by 23 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(33 reference statements)

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“…Scheduleinduced drinking in rats (Falk, 1969;Freed & Hymowitz, 1972;Roper & Nieto, 1979) and aggression in pigeons (Dove, 1976) vary in much the same way, as a function of body weight.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Schedule-induced wood-chewing in rats and its dependence on body weight

Roper

Crossland

1982

Animal Learning & Behavior

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In Experiment I, 12 rats were exposed to an FT 60 schedule of food reinforcement, followed either by extinction or by a massed-food control condition, in the presence of a wood block. In 9 rats, wood-chewing behavior increased systematically during the FT 60 condition and declined again during extinction or massed food, while the other 3 rats showed virtually no chewing behavior at any stage of the experiment. In Experiment 2, frequency and bout duration of wood-ehewing under an FT 60 schedule of food reinforcement declined as body weight increased, in 7 rats. We conclude that wood-chewing qualifies as a schedule-induced behavior, and that it resembles schedule-induced drinking in its dependence on body weight. Unlike drinking, however, induced chewing occupied the middle region of the 60-sec interreinforcement interval, declined markedly within the session, and showed considerable within-and between-subject variability. Falk (1961) found that when rats were allowed to obtain food according to an intermittent (VI 60-sec) schedule of food reinforcement, and were given concurrent free access to a water bottle, they developed the habit of drinking immediately after eating each food pellet. Because the rats' cumulative intake of water under these circumstances was abnormally large, Falk referred to the postpellet drinking as "schedule-induced polydipsia." Schedule-induced polydipsia has been extensively studied in the subsequent two decades, but its cause remains obscure: numerous explanations have been offered, but none has proved satisfactory (see reviews by Falk, 1971;Segal, 1972;Staddon, 1977).Explanations of schedule-induced drinking have been of two distinct types, which may be termed "thirst" explanations and "general activation" explanations, respectively (Roper, 1980b). "Thirst" explanations hold that intermittent presentation of food exerts a specific facilitatory effect on drinking, for example by stimulating oral dehydration receptors (Stein, 1964)or by causing a fall in blood glucose level (Freed, Zec, & Mendelson, 1977). "General activation" explanations, on the other hand, hold that intermittent presentation of food exerts a more or less general facilitatory effect on nonfeeding behaviors, via a state or process termed frustration (e.g., Thomka & Rosellini, 1975), arousal (e.g., Killeen, 1975; Brett & Levine, 1979), general motor excitability (Wayner, 1974), or stress (e.g., Wallace & Singer, 1976).At present most investigators seem to favor a gen- eral activation account, on the grounds that schedule induction extends across a variety of species, reinforcers, and behaviors. But whether one regards induction as a general phenomenon depends on the stringency of one's definition. The term "scheduleinduced" is commonly applied to any activity that occurs during interreinforcement intervals, regardless of its frequency of occurrence, whereas a stringent demonstration of induction requires that the behavior in question be shown to occur more frequently in association with a schedule of reinforcement than ...

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“…Scheduleinduced drinking in rats (Falk, 1969;Freed & Hymowitz, 1972;Roper & Nieto, 1979) and aggression in pigeons (Dove, 1976) vary in much the same way, as a function of body weight.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Schedule-induced wood-chewing in rats and its dependence on body weight

Roper

Crossland

1982

Animal Learning & Behavior

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“…Figure 3 shows that while body weights Acute administrations of cocaine dose-dewere being increased from 70% to 80% of pendently decreased response rates in 6 pi- Manipulations of deprivation levels within the range studied in this experiment consistendly produce a variety of behavioral effects across a variety of species. As deprivation level increases, (a) response rates maintained by different schedules of food presentation increase (Ferster & Skinner, 1957;Sidman & Stebbins, 1954); (b) the largest ratio produced under progressive-ratio schedules before the subject stops responding (i.e., the "breakpoint") increases (Hodos, 1961); (c) the amount of suppression of response rates as a function of response-produced electric shock decreases (Azrin, 1959;Azrin, Holz, & Hake, 1963); (d) the number of errors made in a simple two-choice discrimination decreases (Broadhurst, 1957); and (e) levels of schedule-induced polydipsia and attack increase (Dove, 1976;Falk, 1969). Therefore, the deprivation levels chosen as one of the independent variables in the current experiment are usually behaviorally significant.…”

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Cocaine and food deprivation : effects on food-reinforced fixed-ratio performance in pigeons /

Hughes¹

1991

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Key pecking by 6 pigeons was maintained by a fixed-ratio 30 schedule of food presentation while body weights were 80% of free-feeding weights. Acute administration of cocaine (0.3 to 13.0 mg/ kg, i.m.) dose-dependently decreased response rates. Dose-effect curves were shifted to the right when 3 of the 6 pigeons were maintained at 70% of free-feeding weights and were shifted to the left when the other 3 pigeons were maintained at 90% of free-feeding weights. Then a dose of cocaine that initially decreased response rates by more than 95% of control rates was administered before each daily session. Comparable degrees of tolerance to these rate-decreasing effects developed in the two groups. The rate at which responding recovered was relatively rapid for pigeons in the 70% free-feeding-weight group and was slower for 2 of the 3 pigeons in the 90% free-feeding-weight group. When body weights were then increased from 70% to 80% or were decreased from 90% to 80% of free-feeding weight, performance was disrupted initially only for pigeons whose weight went from 70% to 80% of free feeding. In the present experiment the degree of deprivation may have indirectly influenced the degree of tolerance that developed to cocaine's response rate-decreasing effects because it directly influenced the dose chosen to be administered chronically. The degree of deprivation appeared to have a more direct influence on the rate at which tolerance developed.

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“…The degree of schedule-induced polydipsia (Falk, 1969), attack (Dove, 1976), and airstream licking (Chillag & Mendelson, 1971) produced by intermittent food schedules were all inverse functions of the bodyweight level at which animals were maintained as determined by the total food rations allowed.…”

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The origin and functions of adjunctive behavior

Falk

1977

Animal Learning & Behavior

163

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The major determinants of schedule-induced or adjunctive behavior are reviewed briefly. Adjunctive behavior and its ethological equivalent, displacement activity, has a stabilizing function on agonistic, mating, parental, and intermittent-feeding behavior when any of these activities are in unstable equilibrium with an escape vector. This buffering action of adjunctive behavior is analogous to the diversity-stability rule of ecology in which an increase in the diversity of species stabilizes the populations of the component species, thereby preventing extinction. Opposing behavioral vectors in unstable equilibrium can function to exaggerate certain behavioral adjuncts that preexist in a situation. The resulting increase in diversification (information] augments the overall stability of the opposing-vector circumstance, conserving the context. This strengthening process is discussed in relation to ritualization and the preadaptation of exaggerated behavior to new functions.The nature and determinants of adjunctive behavior were described in a previous article (Falk , 1971). Briefly, "adjunctive behavior" refers to behavior that is maintained at a high probability by stimuli which derive their exaggerated reinforcing efficacy primarily as a function of schedule parameters governing the availability of another dass of reinforcing events. The present account will attempt to answer the questions of how the adjunctive determination of behavior may have evolved and what adaptive functions it might serve. Considerable information has accumulated concerning the variables which determine adjunctive behavior. A few of the major features will be described at the outset, but the treatment is far from complete. This is neither a review nor even a synoptic summary.Animals (rats, mice, pigeons, squirrel and rhesus monkeys, chimpanzees) reduced in body weight and given small portions of food at certain fixed or irregular times in daily sessions quickly develop excessive and persistent behavioral adjuncts. For exarnple, rats earning 45-mg food pellets by leverpressing on a variable-intervall-min schedule or on a fixed-interval 90-sec schedule for a few hours per day drink extensive draughts of water after consuming each pellet (Falk, 1961(Falk, , 1969. This scheduleinduced polydipsia continues daily as lang as the generator schedule conditions remain in effect.

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RELATION BETWEEN LEVEL OF FOOD DEPRIVATION AND RATE OF SCHEDULE‐INDUCED ATTACK¹

Cited by 23 publications

References 24 publications

Schedule-induced wood-chewing in rats and its dependence on body weight

Schedule-induced wood-chewing in rats and its dependence on body weight

Cocaine and food deprivation : effects on food-reinforced fixed-ratio performance in pigeons /

The origin and functions of adjunctive behavior

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RELATION BETWEEN LEVEL OF FOOD DEPRIVATION AND RATE OF SCHEDULE‐INDUCED ATTACK1

Cited by 23 publications

References 24 publications

Schedule-induced wood-chewing in rats and its dependence on body weight

Schedule-induced wood-chewing in rats and its dependence on body weight

Cocaine and food deprivation : effects on food-reinforced fixed-ratio performance in pigeons /

The origin and functions of adjunctive behavior

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RELATION BETWEEN LEVEL OF FOOD DEPRIVATION AND RATE OF SCHEDULE‐INDUCED ATTACK¹