Rejection spectra of reverse osmosis membranes degraded by hydrolysis or chlorine attack

Degradation of polymeric membranes in water and wastewater treatment

“…Similarly, in seawater RO systems, the presence of naturally occurring bromide ions disturbs the chlorine system (Shemer and Semiat, 2011). Thus, exposure to chlorine affects the structural integrity of the PA active layer, leading to impaired performance (Glater et al, 1994, Light et al, 1987, Petersen, 1993, Watters et al, 1986.…”

Modification to the polyamide TFC RO membranes for improvement of chlorine-resistance

“…It also induces a chain reaction to produce chloro-substituted benzene rings as the quinone derivatives or oxidation groups [4,5]. This causes the failure of the polyamide reverse osmosis (RO) membrane resulting in decreased salt rejection and increased water flux after chlorination [7][8][9].…”

Assessing the oxidative degradation of polyamide reverse osmosis membrane—Accelerated ageing with hypochlorite exposure

“…RO membranes may become exposed to chlorine and the oxidizing environment it create in one of the two ways, chemical cleaning agents adopted for the flux recovery and disinfection agents added to the RO upstream to mitigate biofouling. The influence of chlorine affects the structural integrity of the polyamide active layer leading to impaired performance [1][2][3][4].…”