Reinfection in COVID-19: A scoping review

Pinto, Lancelot; Nanda, Viral; Sunavala, Ayesha; Rodriques, Camilla

doi:10.1016/j.mjafi.2021.02.010

Cited by 12 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 30 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“… 35 Previous studies, largely in the form of case reports and series, have reported different types of comorbidities, reflective of altered immune status, and positive associations with reinfection. 36 , 37 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection Rate and Estimated Effectiveness of the Inactivated Whole Virion Vaccine BBV152 Against Reinfection Among Health Care Workers in New Delhi, India

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

IMPORTANCE A surge of COVID-19 occurred from March to June 2021, in New Delhi, India, linked to the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant of SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 vaccines were rolled out for health care workers (HCWs) starting in January 2021. OBJECTIVE To assess the incidence density of reinfection among a cohort of HCWs and estimate the effectiveness of the inactivated whole virion vaccine BBV152 against reinfection. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This was a retrospective cohort study among HCWs working at a tertiary care center in New Delhi, India.EXPOSURES Vaccination with 0, 1, or 2 doses of BBV152. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESThe HCWs were categorized as fully vaccinated (with 2 doses and Ն15 days after the second dose), partially vaccinated (with 1 dose or 2 doses with <15 days after the second dose), or unvaccinated. The incidence density of COVID-19 reinfection per 100 personyears was computed, and events from March 3, 2020, to June 18, 2021, were included for analysis.Unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated using a Cox proportional hazards model. Estimated vaccine effectiveness (1 − adjusted HR) was reported. RESULTS Among 15 244 HCWs who participated in the study, 4978 (32.7%) were diagnosed with COVID-19. The mean (SD) age was 36.6 (10.3) years, and 55.0% were male. The reinfection incidence density was 7.26 (95% CI: 6.09-8.66) per 100 person-years (124 HCWs [2.5%], total person follow-up period of 1696 person-years as time at risk). Fully vaccinated HCWs had lower risk of reinfection (HR, 0.14 [95% CI, 0.08-0.23]), symptomatic reinfection (HR, 0.13 [95% CI, 0.07-0.24]), and asymptomatic reinfection (HR, 0.16 [95% CI, 0.05-0.53]) compared with unvaccinated HCWs.Accordingly, among the 3 vaccine categories, reinfection was observed in 60 of 472 (12.7%) of unvaccinated (incidence density, 18.05 per 100 person-years; 95% CI, 14.02-23.25), 39 of 356 (11.0%) of partially vaccinated (incidence density 15.62 per 100 person-years; 95% CI,, and 17 of 1089 (1.6%) fully vaccinated (incidence density 2.18 per 100 person-years; 95% CI, 1.35-3.51) HCWs. The estimated effectiveness of BBV152 against reinfection was 86% (95% CI, 77%-92%); symptomatic reinfection, 87% (95% CI, 76%-93%); and asymptomatic reinfection, 84% (95% CI, 47%-95%) among fully vaccinated HCWs. Partial vaccination was not associated with reduced risk of reinfection. (continued) Key Points Question What are the rate of reinfection of SARS-CoV-2 among a cohort of health care workers (HCWs) and the estimated effectiveness of the inactivated whole virion vaccine BBV152 against reinfection? Findings In this cohort study of 4978 HCWs who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 from March 3, 2020, to June 18, 2021, the incidence density of reinfection was 7.26 per 100 personyears. A protective association of 86% against reinfection was observed among HCWs who completed the 2-dose schedule of BBV152 and for whom at least 15 days elapsed without reinfection after vaccination. Meaning The results of this study suggest that complete vaccination with BBV152 amo...

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection Rate and Estimated Effectiveness of the Inactivated Whole Virion Vaccine BBV152 Against Reinfection Among Health Care Workers in New Delhi, India

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Age is a factor that is widely linked to the behavior of the virus and the secondary immune response to the physiological reserve, establishing conditions of prognosis and severity. 13 , 17 Case reports published in 2020 and 2021, with study populations in Asia, Europe, North and South America, found that reinfection cases cover a varied age range, documenting patients from 4 years to over 100, with a higher frequencies between the third and fourth decades of life, but with a higher risk of complications associated with admission to the ICU or the need for mechanical ventilation after 65 years of age, 16 , 18 further increasing this condition before the presence of comorbidities, also being the age group with the highest number of deaths, although lower than what was found in the first episodes and with lower prevalence’s in younger populations 2 ; keeping a relationship with what is presented in our study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In coronavirus cases, reinfection has been associated with short-term immunity and genetic changes in viruses which allow them to escape from immune response 2 ; these reinfections mainly occur in persons with mild disease, or asymptomatic, in which a fast decrease of antibody titers is noticed. 4 - 6 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reinfection by SARS CoV2 in Valle Del Cauca, Colombia: A Descriptive Retrospective Study

Hurtado

Hurtado²,

Valencia³

et al. 2022

INQUIRY

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Introduction: In coronavirus cases, reinfection has been associated with short-term immunity and genetic changes in viruses which allow them to escape from immune response, viral genotyping is required to make the precise diagnosis of reinfection, but the suspicion occurs in patients with more than 90 days between the tests and total improvement between them. We made a descriptive retrospective study with the cases of reinfection in Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Results: We found up to June 30, 3249 cases with suspected reinfection, 1.1% of all cases. During the first infection episode, 68% of the patients had symptoms, while at the moment of reinfection, the percentage was 73.4%. 55% of the analyzed cases had symptoms in both infection episodes, hospitalization of reinfection cases was 2% during the first episode and 2.2% in the second one. Conclusion: the reinfection percentage was low, as well as the hospitalization and ICU cases. These results allow to define that in terms of the provision of healthcare services, reinfection defined in this study, does not generate any differences in care required vs the first episode.

show abstract

“…A study in Mexico found only 258 instances of reinfection in a cohort of 100,432 participants (2.6 per 1000) [99]. Reinfection depends upon both, the level of immunity a person gains from the first infection, and the level of likely exposure due to social and working environments [100]. To exclude persistence of viral RNA, reinfection is proven only when both the first and the second infections have been sequenced and shown to be different variants of the virus [100].…”

Section: Reinfection With Sars-cov-2-when Does It Occur and How Can It Be Verified?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reinfection depends upon both, the level of immunity a person gains from the first infection, and the level of likely exposure due to social and working environments [100]. To exclude persistence of viral RNA, reinfection is proven only when both the first and the second infections have been sequenced and shown to be different variants of the virus [100]. A less rigorous way of looking for reinfection is to document a positive PCR test at a set time interval after the last known PCR or antibody test [98].…”

Section: Reinfection With Sars-cov-2-when Does It Occur and How Can It Be Verified?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune Responses against SARS-CoV-2—Questions and Experiences

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Understanding immune reactivity against SARS-CoV-2 is essential for coping with the COVID-19 pandemic. Herein, we discuss experiences and open questions about the complex immune responses to SARS-CoV-2. Some people react excellently without experiencing any clinical symptoms, they do not get sick, and they do not pass the virus on to anyone else (“sterilizing” immunity). Others produce antibodies and do not get COVID-19 but transmit the virus to others (“protective” immunity). Some people get sick but recover. A varying percentage develops respiratory failure, systemic symptoms, clotting disorders, cytokine storms, or multi-organ failure; they subsequently decease. Some develop long COVID, a new pathologic entity similar to fatigue syndrome or autoimmunity. In reality, COVID-19 is considered more of a systemic immune–vascular disease than a pulmonic disease, involving many tissues and the central nervous system. To fully comprehend the complex clinical manifestations, a profound understanding of the immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 is a good way to improve clinical management of COVID-19. Although neutralizing antibodies are an established approach to recognize an immune status, cellular immunity plays at least an equivalent or an even more important role. However, reliable methods to estimate the SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell capacity are not available for clinical routines. This deficit is important because an unknown percentage of people may exist with good memory T cell responsibility but a low number of or completely lacking peripheral antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Apart from natural immune responses, vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 turned out to be very effective and much safer than naturally acquired immunity. Nevertheless, besides unwanted side effects of the currently available vector and mRNA preparations, concerns remain whether these vaccines will be strong enough to defeat the pandemic. Altogether, herein we discuss important questions, and try to give answers based on the current knowledge and preliminary data from our laboratories.

show abstract

Reinfection in COVID-19: A scoping review

Cited by 12 publications

References 30 publications

SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection Rate and Estimated Effectiveness of the Inactivated Whole Virion Vaccine BBV152 Against Reinfection Among Health Care Workers in New Delhi, India

SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection Rate and Estimated Effectiveness of the Inactivated Whole Virion Vaccine BBV152 Against Reinfection Among Health Care Workers in New Delhi, India

Reinfection by SARS CoV2 in Valle Del Cauca, Colombia: A Descriptive Retrospective Study

Immune Responses against SARS-CoV-2—Questions and Experiences

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About