“…Despite emerging evidence that the immunostimulatory or immunoinhibitory functions of TEX depend on the type of cargo and the functional status of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and thus might be highly variable, it has been difficult to reconcile these two aspects of TEX functionality. Interestingly, in fields other than cancer, including inflammation, autoimmunity, transplantation, and pregnancy, the immunosuppressive potential of exosomes is not only acknowledged, but is explored for the development of novel therapeutic strategies (18)(19)(20)(21)(22). Given the immunoinhibitory nature of the TME in humans, it is unlikely that TEX, which increase in numbers with disease stage and progression (1,8), are involved in boosting immune responses.…”