Regulatory mechanisms of periodontal regeneration

Abstract

The periodontal ligament, located between the cementum and the alveolar bone, has a width ranging from 0.15 to 0.38 mm. Regeneration and homeostasis of the periodontal ligament are highly significant functions in relation to periodontal therapy, tooth transplantation or replantation, and orthodontic tooth movement. The purpose of this review is to discuss the regulatory mechanisms of regenerative and homeostatic functions in the periodontal ligament based on currently published studies and also on our own experimental data. We consider the capability of the ligament tissue to promote or to suppress calcification in connection with bone and cementum formation and the maintenance of the periodontal ligament space. Also discussed are the involvement of the periodontal ligament tissue in the regenerative ability, cell proliferation, growth and differentiation factors, extracellular matrix proteins, homeostatic phenomena, function of Malassez epithelial rests, tooth movement, or occlusal loading. Regulatory mechanisms for regeneration and homeostasis of the periodontal ligament are hypothetically proposed.

Image-Based, Fiber Guiding Scaffolds: A Platform for Regenerating Tissue Interfaces

“…In addition, 15 the PDL interface is composed of a heterogeneous cell population containing stem cell-like multipotent cells. [16][17][18] For the regeneration of functional periodontal complexes, the orientation of fibrous connective PDL tissues should exhibit perpendicular or oblique angulation to the tooth root surface. However, lack of control over the ligamentous fiber orientation remains a limitation for the regeneration of fibrous-mineralized tissue complexes.…”

Highly osteogenic PDL stem cell clones specifically express elevated levels of ICAM1, ITGB1 and TERT

“…Seo et al (2004) identified cells with the characteristic features of stem cells (e.g., self-renewal, clonogenicity and multi-tissue differentiation potential) resided in human periodontal ligament (PDL) tissue, a specialized soft connective tissue which anchors the teeth to the jaw bone and helps the tooth withstand natural chewing forces (Bartold et al 2000;Shimono et al 2003). The PDL stem cells (PDLSCs) have been shown to differentiate into osteoblasts and thus forming mineralized bone matrix both in vitro and in vivo (Chen et al 2006;Gay et al 2007;Gronthos et al 2006;Kemoun et al 2007;Seo et al 2004).…”

Multipotent Dental Stem Cells: An Alternative Adult Derived Stem Cell Source for Regenerative Medicine

“…The periodontal ligament is composed of a heterogeneous population of cells containing fibroblasts, osteoblasts and cementoblasts (Bartold et al, 2000;Gay et al, 2007;Lekic et al, 2001;Seo et al, 2004;Shimono et al, 2003). Early studies have suggested that the PDL tissue had regenerative or repair abilities when an injury was incurred by the periodontal tissue (Reviewed in Bartold et al (2005) and Shimono et al (2003)). Periodontal ligament stem cells were first isolated by Seo et al (2004) from impacted third molar adult teeth.…”