Regulatory Action Criteria for Filth and Other Extraneous Materials V. Strategy for Evaluating Hazardous and Nonhazardous Filth

Olsen, Alan R.; Gecan, John S; Ziobro, George C.; Bryce, J. R. G.

doi:10.1006/rtph.2001.1472

Cited by 50 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 252 publications

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“…Such attributes include contacting potential sources of pathogens and endophilic, synanthropic, and communicative behaviors. Examples of pests exhibiting those attributes were published in the revised U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) "filth strategy" (66) and have become known as the "Dirty 22." Evidence of the presence of any of these pests in food, food processing areas, or food storage facilities is considered an indication of insanitation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Relative Risk of Cronobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes Associated with the Body Surfaces and Guts of Individual Filth Flies

Pava‐Ripoll

Pearson

Miller

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Although flies are important vectors of food-borne pathogens, there is little information to accurately assess the food-related health risk of the presence of individual flies, especially in urban areas. This study quantifies the prevalence and the relative risk of food-borne pathogens associated with the body surfaces and guts of individual wild flies. One hundred flies were collected from the dumpsters of 10 randomly selected urban restaurants. Flies were identified using taxonomic keys before being individually dissected. Cronobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes were detected using the PCR-based BAX system Q7. Positive samples were confirmed by culture on specific media and through PCR amplification and sequencing or ribotyping. Among collected flies were the housefly, Musca domestica (47%), the blowflies, Lucilia cuprina (33%) and Lucilia sericata (14%), and others (6%). Cronobacter species were detected in 14% of flies, including C. sakazakii, C. turicensis, and C. universalis, leading to the proposal of flies as a natural reservoir of this food-borne pathogen. Six percent of flies carried Salmonella enterica, including the serovars Poona, Hadar, Schwarzengrund, Senftenberg, and Brackenridge. L. monocytogenes was detected in 3% of flies. Overall, the prevalence of food-borne pathogens was three times greater in the guts than on the body surfaces of the flies. The relative risk of flies carrying any of the three pathogens was associated with the type of pathogen, the body part of the fly, and the ambient temperature. These data enhance the ability to predict the microbiological risk associated with the presence of individual flies in food and food facilities.

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confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Relative Risk of Cronobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes Associated with the Body Surfaces and Guts of Individual Filth Flies

Pava‐Ripoll

Pearson

Miller

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…It is amazing that few studies have been done on microscopic quality of foods, even though consumers complain of filth in foods (Olsen et al, 2001). This comprehensive article cited just 13 studies on this issue published since 1972.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…This is based on diagnostic cellular structures and morphological features of authentic ingredients (US Food & Drug Administration, 1998a). Few studies have been done on microscopic quality of foods (Olsen, Gecan, Ziobro, & Bryce, 2001), none of which in jams. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microscopic quality of guava (Psidium guajava), strawberry (Fragaria vesta) and grape (Vitis sp.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of light microscopy in a study of extraneous matter and authenticity of guava, strawberry and grape jams

2004

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“…The global production of FDA-regulated goods has exploded over the past decade, and the amount of imported material and ingredients used for production of finished products in U.S. manufacturing facilities has increased phenomenally. Consequently, for efficient regulation several strategies have been considered and developed, including the estimation of hazardous and nonhazardous filth and extraneous materials responsible for the adulteration of food products (2,(23)(24)(25)(26). The scientific basis for making a regulatory decision should also be considered when analyzing a food sample for common food pests that can contribute to the spread of foodbome pathogens.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To accomplish this difficult task, a series of reviews have been published to provide additional guidelines, which include a list of common food pest species (Table 1). These species are also called the " Dirty 22" species, and are deemed by the FDA to be a contributory factor for the spread of foodborne diseases (2,(23)(24)(25)(26).…”

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confidence: 99%

Multilocus Genetic Characterization of Two Ant Vectors (Group II “Dirty 22” Species) Known To Contaminate Food and Food Products and Spread Foodborne Pathogens

Sulaiman

Anderson

et al. 2012

Journal of Food Protection

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The U.S. Food and Drug Administration utilizes the presence of filth and extraneous materials as one of the criteria for implementing regulatory actions and assessing adulteration of food products of public health importance. Twenty-two prevalent pest species (also known as the ''Dirty 22'' species) have been considered by this agency as possible vehicles for the spread of foodborne diseases, and the presence of these species is considered an indicator of unsanitary conditions in food processing and storage facilities. In a previous study, we further categorized the Dirty 22 species into four groups: group I includes four cockroach species, group II includes two ant species, group III includes 12 fly species, and group IV includes four rodent species. Here, we describe the development of three nested PCR primer sets and multilocus genetic characterization by amplifying the small subunit rRNA, elongation factor 1-alpha, and wingless (WNT-1) genes of group II Dirty 22 ant species Monomorium pharaonis and Solenopsis molesta. These novel group II Dirty 22 species-specific nested PCR primer sets can be used when the specimens cannot be identified using conventional microscopic methods. These newly developed assays will provide correct identification of group II Dirty 22 ant species, and the information can be used in the control of foodborne pathogens.

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Regulatory Action Criteria for Filth and Other Extraneous Materials V. Strategy for Evaluating Hazardous and Nonhazardous Filth

Cited by 50 publications

References 252 publications

Prevalence and Relative Risk of Cronobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes Associated with the Body Surfaces and Guts of Individual Filth Flies

Prevalence and Relative Risk of Cronobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes Associated with the Body Surfaces and Guts of Individual Filth Flies

The use of light microscopy in a study of extraneous matter and authenticity of guava, strawberry and grape jams

Multilocus Genetic Characterization of Two Ant Vectors (Group II “Dirty 22” Species) Known To Contaminate Food and Food Products and Spread Foodborne Pathogens

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