Regulations for Food Toxins

Alim, Muhammad; Iqbal, Shahzad Zafar; Selamat, Jinap; Ariño, Agustín

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-39253-0_2

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Moreover, the teratotoxic aflatoxins cross the placental barrier, consequently producing fetal alterations (Abdulrazzaq, Osman, & Ibrahim, ). Due to their high incidence and considerable toxicity, maximum levels have been set in foods to establish an effective food safety management aiming at a safe food supply, and guidelines have also been developed for the control of mycotoxins in animal feed (Alim, Iqbal, Selamat, & Ariño, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxin Biomarkers of Exposure: A Comprehensive Review

Vidal

Mengelers

Yang³

et al. 2018

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

155

137

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To date, the use of biomarkers has become generally accepted. Biomarker-driven research has been proposed as a successful method to assess the exposure to xenobiotics by using concentrations of the parent compounds and/or metabolites in biological matrices such as urine or blood. However, the identification and validation of biomarkers of exposure remain a challenge. Recent advances in high-resolution mass spectrometry along with new analytical (postacquisition data-mining) techniques will improve the quality and output of the biomarker identification process. Chronic or even acute exposure to mycotoxins remains a daily fact, and therefore it is crucial that the mycotoxins' metabolism is unravelled so more knowledge on biomarkers in humans and animals is acquired. This review aims to provide the scientific community with a comprehensive overview of reported in vitro and in vivo mycotoxin metabolism studies in relation to biomarkers of exposure for deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenon-X, T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, ochratoxin A, citrinin, fumonisins, zearalenone, aflatoxins, and sterigmatocystin.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxin Biomarkers of Exposure: A Comprehensive Review

Vidal

Mengelers

Yang³

et al. 2018

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

155

137

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…At present, at least 100 countries have mandatory limits on DON levels in food and feed. In view of its serious toxic effects, in the preliminary draft of the DON maximum levels (MLs), the Codex Alimentarius Food (FAO) Committee recommended the following limits: 2 mg/kg in unprocessed cereals, 1 mg/kg in semi-processed products using wheat, corn and barley as raw materials, and 0.5 mg/kg in cereals for infants and young children [10,11]. In China, the ML of DON in maize, wheat, and their products is regulated at 1 mg/kg [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Direct Competitive ELISA Kit for Detecting Deoxynivalenol Contamination in Wheat

et al. 2019

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This study was conducted to develop a self-assembled direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dcELISA) kit for the detection of deoxynivalenol (DON) in food and feed grains. Based on the preparation of anti-DON monoclonal antibodies, we established a standard curve with dcELISA and optimized the detection conditions. The performance of the kit was evaluated by comparison with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The minimum detection limit of DON with the kit was 0.62 ng/mL, the linear range was from 1.0 to 113.24 ng/mL and the half-maximal inhibition concentration (IC 50 ) was 6.61 ng/mL in the working buffer; there was a limit of detection (LOD) of 62 ng/g, and the detection range was from 100 to 11324 ng/g in authentic agricultural samples. We examined four samples of wheat bran, wheat flour, corn flour and corn for DON recovery. The average recovery was in the range of 77.1% to 107.0%, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) ranged from 4.2% to 11.9%. In addition, the kit has the advantages of high specificity, good stability, a long effective life and negligible sample matrix interference. Finally, wheat samples from farms in the six provinces of Henan, Anhui, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu and Gansu in China were analyzed by the kit. A total of 30 samples were randomly checked (five samples in each province), and the results were in good agreement with the standardized HPLC method. These tests showed that the dcELISA kit had good performance and met relevant technical requirements, and it had the characteristics of accuracy, reliability, convenience and high-throughput screening for DON detection. Therefore, the developed kit is suitable for rapid screening of DON in marketed products.

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“…Furthermore, the region lacks the capacity to monitor maize grown and consumed at a local level [1]. As the levels that cause regulatory concerns are continually being lowered, it is increasingly difficult for this continent to produce maize that can meet the accepted levels of aflatoxins [2]. Thus, it is necessary to develop methods that will prevent aflatoxin production in susceptible crops.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Genotype-By-Environment Interactions in Aspergillus Ear Rot and Pre-Harvest Aflatoxin Accumulation in Maize Inbred Lines

et al. 2017

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Aspergillus flavus, causal agent of the Aspergillus ear rot (AER) of maize, also produces aflatoxins that cause aflatoxicosis in humans and livestock. Ten maize inbred lines were evaluated in replicated trials in two aflatoxicosis outbreak hot spots in Kenya and in three maize-growing areas in South Africa for resistance to AER, A. flavus colonization, and pre-harvest aflatoxin accumulation during the 2012/2013 growing season. AER severity was measured by visual assessment, while A. flavus colonization and aflatoxin content were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, respectively. Genotype by environment interaction (GEI) was determined using analysis of variance (ANOVA), additive main effects and multiplicative models (AMMI), and genotype plus by environment (GGE) biplot analyses. Stability of genotypes was evaluated using AMMI analysis. AER severity and fungal colonization significantly (p < 0.001) varied between genotypes. GEI influenced the severity of AER symptoms and aflatoxin accumulation significantly (p < 0.001), while fungal colonization was not affected. The inbred lines response was consistent for this trait in the test environments and was thus considered a desirable measure to indicate maize lines with a high risk of aflatoxin accumulation. CML495, CKL05019, LaPosta, and MIRTC5 were the least diseased lines, with the lowest aflatoxin contamination and a stable phenotypic response across the environments. Kiboko was determined as the ideal representative test environment, with discriminative ability of the genotypes for selection of the desired stable responses of the three traits.

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Regulations for Food Toxins

Cited by 7 publications

References 3 publications

Mycotoxin Biomarkers of Exposure: A Comprehensive Review

Mycotoxin Biomarkers of Exposure: A Comprehensive Review

Development of a Direct Competitive ELISA Kit for Detecting Deoxynivalenol Contamination in Wheat

Assessing Genotype-By-Environment Interactions in Aspergillus Ear Rot and Pre-Harvest Aflatoxin Accumulation in Maize Inbred Lines

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