Regulation of inflammation in the adipose tissue in cancer cachexia: effect of exercise

Abstract

The paraneoplastic syndrome of cachexia is considered a degenerative chronic inflammatory disease, being deeply related to the increase of pro-inflammatory factors, especially tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a). It is known that the adipose tissue is affected by cachexia and contributing with the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors which reach the adjacent tissues and the circulation. The effect of proinflammatory factors is balanced by the effect of anti-inflammatory factors, such as interleukin 10 (IL-10). The IL-10/TNF-a ratio has been recently postulated as a marker for the assessment of the degree of inflammation, which correlates with disease-associated morbidity and mortality. In order to counteract inflammation in chronic disease, our group has currently adopted chronic endurance exercise in models of cancer cachexia and chronic heart failure. Since it is clear that white adipose tissue is strongly implicated in the secretion of both pro-and antiinflammatory factors in disease, we chose to address its contribution to cachexia-related inflammation and the effect of endurance training on the capacity of cytokine expression and secretion by this tissue. Our results show an enhancement of IL-10 adipose tissue content, and increased IL-10/TNF-a ratio induced by endurance training. The mechanisms are discussed.

Role of Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 signaling pathways on the inflammatory response to resistance training in elderly subjects

“…In support, the increased expression of phospho-ERK1/2 reported in the current study was coincident with higher protein level of IL-10 in mononuclear cells. In addition, analyzing the IL-10/TNF-α ratio, which is often used as an indicator of the inflammatory status (Petersen and Pedersen 2005;Lira et al 2009), our results indicate that the resistance exercise training triggered molecular changes toward an anti-inflammatory status.…”

Effect of physical exercise on muscle mass and strength in cancer patients during treatment—A systematic review

“…Physical exercise may be of particular importance for cancer patients with advanced disease in a pre-cachectic or cachectic stage because of its potential effects on muscle mass and strength [15]. Experimental trials have demonstrated possible anti-inflammatory effects of exercise in cachectic mice [16] as well as partial rescue of muscle mass and strength in tumour -bearing mice when exercise was combined with eicosapentiaenoic acid [17]. Furthermore, a small number of clinical studies have demonstrated the contribution of exercise to reduce or delay cachexia in patients with chronic diseases other than cancer [18,19].…”

Skeletal Muscle, Myokines and Health

“…shown that the mesenteric adipose tissue of rats subjected to a chronic aerobic training protocol (8 weeks, five times a week, 60% do VO2max) showed an increase in TNF-α concentration [7].…”

“…Furthermore, the peak IL-6 level is reached at the end of the exercise or shortly thereafter, followed by a rapid decrease toward pre exercise levels [1,4]. It is well characterized in the literature that after an acute session of physical exercise there is an increase in the concentration of IL-6 (above 100-fold) depends on exercise variables such as intensity, duration, recruited muscle mass and individual aerobic capacity [7]. Pedersen (2012) showed that an increase of the IL-6 mRNA content is detectable in the contracting skeletal muscle after 30 min of exercise and up to 100-fold increases of the IL-6 mRNA content may be present at the end of the exercise bout [4].…”

“…Recent findings demonstrate that physical activity induces an increase in the systemic levels of a number of cytokines with anti-inflammatory properties [2,6]. In this regard, regular aerobic exercise (training) exerts a suppressing effect on low grade chronic systemic inflammation [7].…”