Regulation of Human Plasma Vitamin E

Combined supplementation of folic acid and vitamin E diminishes diabetes‐induced embryotoxicity in rats

“…Vitamin E is absorbed from the intestine along with dietary fats and is released into the circulation with chylomicrons (Traber, 1997). The α‐tocopherol transfer protein exists in the liver and facilitates the incorporation of α‐tocopherol (Sato et al, 1979).…”

Effect of Concomitant Consumption of Fish Oil and Vitamin E on T Cell Mediated Function in the Elderly: A Randomized Double-Blind Trial

“…It indicates that plasma is preferentially enriched in ␣-over ␥-tocopherol. This is not due to a differential absorption of the different forms of vitamin E [28] but rather, it may be because the liver secrets VLDL particles preferentially enriched in ␣-tocopherol [29].…”

Effects of Oxidized Frying Oil on Proteins Related to α-Tocopherol Metabolism in Rat Liver

“…Since this diet contained twice as much vitamin E as the OFO diet, the amount of vitamin E absorbed in the OFE group should be similar to that in the CO group. Liver TG levels in rats fed an OFO diet are decreased [24,25] and this has been shown to be due to the activation of PPAR-α and its target genes, acyl coenzyme A oxidase and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1, which are involved in fatty acid oxidation, and also to a reduction in lipogenic enzymes levels [26,27,28]. The increased expression of CYP4A1, which is involved in fatty acid oxidations [27], would also contribute to the enhanced fatty acid oxidation in OFO-fed rats seen in the present study.…”

“…Since α-tocopherol is secreted from the liver packaged with triglyceride in VLDL, one may speculate that secretion could be impaired in rats fed an OFO diet. α-TTP, a cytosolic protein in the liver with a high affinity for α-tocopherol, plays a role in regulating plasma vitamin E levels [28][29][30][31]. Its levels are decreased in rats fed a low protein diet, which also have a lower plasma α-tocopherol/ triglyceride ratio [21].…”