Regulation of Chick <b><i>Ebf1-3 </i></b>Gene Expression in the Pharyngeal Arches, Cranial Sensory Ganglia and Placodes

Abstract

This study was conducted to identify the regulation of the expression of the cEbf1-3 (chick early B-cell factor 1-3) genes in the pharyngeal arches (PAs), cranial sensory ganglia and placodes. cEbf1 and cEbf3 were mainly expressed in the cranial neural crest cells (NCCs) occupying the PAs, but cEbf2 was expressed in the mesenchymal core. cEbf1-3 were prominently expressed in the olfactory placodes, but cEbf1 and cEbf3 were only expressed in the otic vesicle. cEbf1 was expressed in all cranial sensory ganglia, cEbf2 (only) in the dorsolateral ganglia and cEbf3 in the trigeminal and vestibular ganglia. The removal of the source (the cranial neural tube) of the cranial NCCs before their migration to the PAs led to downregulation of cEbf1 and cEbf3 and upregulation of cEbf2 expression. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments showed that sonic hedgehog did not regulate cEbf1-3 expression in the PAs or associated ganglia. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (Bmp2) can, however, directly and indirectly regulate cEbf1 and cEbf3 expression in the PAs and the proximal (NCC-derived) portion, but not the distal (placodal-derived) portion of the cranial sensory ganglia. Conversely, cEbf2 expression was upregulated following injection of Noggin before the migration of NCCs, but did not change after the overexpression of either Noggin or Bmp2 in the arch after NCC migration. In conclusion, Bmp2 regulates cEbf1 and cEbf3 expression in PAs and cranial sensory ganglia both directly and indirectly, via the migration of cranial NCCs. However, cEbf2 expression in the mesenchymal core of PAs is controlled by other undetermined signals.

Single Cell Epigenetics Reveal Cell-Cell Communication Networks in Normal and Abnormal Cardiac Morphogenesis

“…8a and 8b). The transcription factors Sox10 and Foxd3 were expressed uniquely within the migratory multipotent progenitor cells (Progenitor NC) whereas craniofacial NC cells expressed Ebf1 and Smoc1, transcription factors essential for cranial muscle and mesenchyme derivatives 43,44 . Interestingly, we identified two distinct populations of cardiac neural crest derivatives: a more differentiated cardiac outflow valve cushion population marked by transcription factors Isl1, Hand1 and Hand2 (Cardiac NC), as well as an independent cluster expressing high levels of progenitor-enriched factors Hox3 and Hox4, known to be expressed in the caudal pharyngeal arches (PA3-6) where cardiac neural crest cells migrate 13 .…”

The role of chick Ebf genes in the mediolateral patterning of the somites

“…Whole‐mount in situ hybridization using DIG‐labeled RNA probes was performed as described previously (Nieto, Patel, & Wilkinson, ). Chick probes used were: cEbf1 , 696 bp; cEbf2 , 405 bp; cEbf3 , 504 bp (El‐Magd et al, ); mEbf1 696 bp (kind gift of Prof. Grosschedl); cN‐Cad (kind gift of Prof. Anthony Graham); cPax3 (Otto, Schmidt, & Patel, ); and cPax1 (kind gift of Prof. Bodo Christ). Whole mount embryos and sections were photographed as previously described (El‐Magd et al, ).…”

Impact of titanium dioxide on androgen receptors, seminal vesicles and thyroid hormones of male rats: possible protective trial with aged garlic extract

“…After homogenisation of the seminal vesicle samples, the total RNA was extracted using easy‐RED™ (Boca Scientific, Peninsula Corporate Cir‐Boca Raton, USA) following the manufacturer suggested protocol (iNtRON Biotechnology, #17063, Sangdaewon‐Dong, South Korea), as described by El‐Magd et al. (b). The purity and concentration of the extracted RNA were determined using the Nanodrop (UV‐vis spectrophotometer Q5000, Quawell, USA) by absorption at 260 and 280 nm.…”