Regulation of Anthocyanin Accumulation in Apple Peel

Telias, Adriana; Bradeen, James M.; Luby, James J.; Hoover, Emily; Allen, Andrew C.

doi:10.1002/9780470872376.ch9

Cited by 23 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 116 publications

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“…Fruit flavour and colour are major apple breeding objectives because of their importance in determining consumer preferences [ 25 – 29 ]. In general, volatile apocarotenoids such as β-ionone and geranylacetone contribute to flavour while the accumulation of coloured carotenoid compounds in the fruit, together with chlorophyll and anthocyanins are responsible for fruit colour [ 30 – 32 ]. In a typical red skinned apple fruit, such as ‘Royal Gala’, the anthocyanin and carotenoid concentrations increase at maturity, while the chlorophyll concentration decreases [ 33 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Phytoene synthase gene family of apple (Malus x domestica) and its role in controlling fruit carotenoid content

et al. 2015

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BackgroundCarotenoid compounds play essential roles in plants such as protecting the photosynthetic apparatus and in hormone signalling. Coloured carotenoids provide yellow, orange and red colour to plant tissues, as well as offering nutritional benefit to humans and animals. The enzyme phytoene synthase (PSY) catalyses the first committed step of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway and has been associated with control of pathway flux. We characterised four PSY genes found in the apple genome to further understand their involvement in fruit carotenoid accumulation.ResultsThe apple PSY gene family, containing six members, was predicted to have three functional members, PSY1, PSY2, and PSY4, based on translation of the predicted gene sequences and/or corresponding cDNAs. However, only PSY1 and PSY2 showed activity in a complementation assay. Protein localisation experiments revealed differential localization of the PSY proteins in chloroplasts; PSY1 and PSY2 localized to the thylakoid membranes, while PSY4 localized to plastoglobuli. Transcript levels in ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Royal Gala’ apple cultivars showed PSY2 was most highly expressed in fruit and other vegetative tissues. We tested the transient activation of the apple PSY1 and PSY2 promoters and identified potential and differential regulation by AP2/ERF transcription factors, which suggested that the PSY genes are controlled by different transcriptional mechanisms.ConclusionThe first committed carotenoid pathway step in apple is controlled by MdPSY1 and MdPSY2, while MdPSY4 play little or no role in this respect. This has implications for apple breeding programmes where carotenoid enhancement is a target and would allow co-segregation with phenotypes to be tested during the development of new cultivars.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12870-015-0573-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Phytoene synthase gene family of apple (Malus x domestica) and its role in controlling fruit carotenoid content

et al. 2015

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“…Pigment composition determines the appearance of the fruit, which from an aesthetic and from a quality-signaling perspective has an important function in consumer acceptability (Steyn, 2012). Hence, peel color is an important quality attribute in determining consumer acceptance of apples (Telias et al, 2011). The red color in apple peel is for many apple cultivars one of the most important factors in consumer acceptance (Saure, 1990).…”

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confidence: 99%

Apple Compositional and Peel Color Differences Resulting from Canopy Microclimate Affect Consumer Preference for Eating Quality and Appearance

Hamadziripi

Theron²,

Müller³

et al. 2014

horts

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We hypothesized that the microclimate at different positions in the tree canopy may affect the appearance, eating quality, and consumer preference for apple fruit. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the internal and external quality of inner and outer canopy apples in relation to consumer preference for the eating quality and appearance of these fruit. We determined peel color, flesh firmness, percentage starch breakdown, soluble solids concentration (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), and dry matter concentration (DMC) for inner and outer canopy ‘Starking’, ‘Golden Delicious’, and ‘Granny Smith’ from the Ceres region in South Africa in the 2009–10 and 2010–11 seasons. We also determined reducing sugars, total phenolics, and total antioxidant capacity in the 2009–10 season. A trained panel assessed the sensory characteristics of fruit while consumers were asked to indicate their liking for the eating quality and appearance of fruit. Outer canopy fruit of all three cultivars had higher antioxidant capacity, TSS, DMC, lower TA, and were generally sweeter than inner canopy fruit. Consumers could discern eating quality differences and generally preferred the eating quality of outer canopy fruit. The appearance of outer canopy fruit was not preferred in the “green” cultivars, probably as a result of the unfamiliarity of consumers with such fruit. Consumers did, however, prefer the redder outer canopy to the less red inner canopy ‘Starking’ fruit. The redness of ‘Starking’ fruit in this study can therefore be seen as a true signal of eating quality, i.e., the redder the fruit, the better the eating quality, and this would probably apply to other fully red and bicolored apple cultivars. Hence, the classification of red cultivars into different quality classes based on the extent of red color development seems justified from an eating quality perspective. In contrast, blushed outer canopy ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ are culled for aesthetic reasons. It might be possible to develop a niche local market for these blushed fruit based on their better eating quality. Our data were generated in older orchards with trees planted at low density and with large canopies. Planer, two-dimensional canopies are likely to reduce the differences between inner and outer canopy fruit. Differences in macroclimate or in fruit maturity between seasons may also have an overbearing effect on fruit quality parameters compared with canopy microclimatic conditions.

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“…3b). The red colouration of apples is influenced by numerous factors such as light exposure, temperature and nitrogen or potassium fertilisation (Lancaster 1992;Telias et al 2011). It is possible that the better colouration of fruits observed on trees infested by T. urticae was related to the induction of biochemical processes in the skin of apples.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of two-spotted spider mite population (Tetranychus urticae Koch) on growth parameters and yield of the summer apple cv. Katja

Warabieda¹

2015

Hort. Sci. (Prague)

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Regulation of Anthocyanin Accumulation in Apple Peel

Cited by 23 publications

References 116 publications

The Phytoene synthase gene family of apple (Malus x domestica) and its role in controlling fruit carotenoid content

The Phytoene synthase gene family of apple (Malus x domestica) and its role in controlling fruit carotenoid content

Apple Compositional and Peel Color Differences Resulting from Canopy Microclimate Affect Consumer Preference for Eating Quality and Appearance

Effect of two-spotted spider mite population (Tetranychus urticae Koch) on growth parameters and yield of the summer apple cv. Katja

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