Regional Public Health Cost Estimates of Contaminated Coastal Waters:  A Case Study of Gastroenteritis at Southern California Beaches

Given, Suzan; Pendleton, Linwood H.; Boehm, Alexandria B.

doi:10.1021/es060679s

Cited by 86 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(54 reference statements)

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“…The related degradation of the water quality increases human health risks and leads to large economic impacts Given et al, 2006]. Terrestrial storm water runoff often drains first onto rivers and tidal channels, finding its way into the coastal zone with freshwater inflows.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of waves on coastal water dispersion in a small estuarine bay

et al. 2014

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[1] A three-dimensional wave-current model is used to investigate wave-induced circulations in a small estuarine bay and its impact on freshwater exchanges with the inner shelf, related to stratified river plume dispersion. Modeled salinity fields exhibit a lower salinity surface layer due to river outflows, with typical depth of 1 m inside the bay. The asymmetric wave forcing on the bay circulation, related to the local bathymetry, significantly impacts the river plumes. It is found that the transport initiated in the surf zone by the longshore current can oppose and thus reduce the primary outflow of freshwater through the bay inlets. Using the model to examine a high river runoff event occurring during a high-energy wave episode, waves are found to induce a 24 h delay in freshwater evacuation. At the end of the runoff event, waves have reduced the freshwater flux to the ocean by a factor 5, and the total freshwater volume inside the bay is increased by 40%. According to the model, and for this event, the effect of the surf zone current on the bay flushing is larger than that of the wind. The freshwater balance is sensitive to incident wave conditions. Maximum freshwater retention is found for intermediate offshore wave heights 1 m < H s < 2 m. For higher-energy waves, the increase in the longshore current reduces the retention, which is two times lower for H s 5 4 m than for H s 5 2 m.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of waves on coastal water dispersion in a small estuarine bay

et al. 2014

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“…Coastal tourism is the largest market segment of global tourism [2][3][4]. At California beaches, each year nearly 150-400 million visits generated billions of dollars expenditures [5]. On the Miami Beach, more than 2 million visitors per annum brought over $130 million federal tax revenue [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Importance of Environmental Safety Evaluation of Beaches

Zhou¹

2016

J Coast Zone Manag

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Tourism is the largest industry in the world and beaches are the major factor in this tourism market. However, in the activities of beaches' tourism, some environmental indexes of beaches have significant effects on tourists' experience, physical health, and even life safety. Based on the aim of providing safe and healthy services for tourists, some beach evaluation or rating systems in some European countries and the United States are described and advance in research of environmental safety evaluation of beaches in China is discussed, and the main problems and practical challenges in beach management are pointed out, which is exactly what I am working on.

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“…Multiple studies have reported usage frequency for swimmers and non-swimmers based on records of lifeguards stands, 3,4 or conducted randomized trials for evaluating exposure differences between bathers and non-bathers. 5 At least one study used aerial photographs in conjunction with interviews of state officials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recreational use assessment of water-based activities, using time-lapse construction cameras

Sunger

Teske

Nappier

et al. 2012

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Recreational exposure to surface waters during periods of increased pathogen concentration may lead to a significantly higher risk of illness. However, estimates of elementary exposure factors necessary to evaluate health risk (i.e., usage distributions and exposure durations) are not available for many non-swimming water-related activities. No prior studies have assessed nonswimming water exposure with respect to factors leading to impaired water quality from increased pathogen concentration, such as weather condition (rain events produce increased runoff and sewer overflows) and type of day (heavy recreational periods). We measured usage patterns and evaluated the effect of weather and type of day at eight water sites located within Philadelphia, by using a novel ''time lapse photography'' technology during three peak recreational seasons (May --September) 2008 --2010. Camera observations validated with simultaneous in-person surveys exhibited a strong correlation (R 2 ¼ 0.81 to 0.96) between the two survey techniques, indicating that the application of remote photography in collecting human exposure data was appropriate. Recreational activities usage varied more on a temporal basis than due to inclement weather. Only 14% (6 out of 44) of the site-specific activity combinations showed dry weather preference, whereas 41.5% (17 out of 41) of the combinations indicated greater usage on weekends as compared with weekday. In general, the log normal distribution described the playing and wading duration distribution, while the gamma distribution was the best fit for fishing durations. Remote photography provided unbiased, real-time human exposure data and was less personnel intensive compared with traditional survey methods. However, there are potential limitations associated with remote surveillance data related to its limited view. This is the first study to report that time lapse cameras can be successfully applied to assess water-based human recreational patterns and can provide precise exposure statistics for non-swimming recreational exposures. Keywords: recreational water use; exposure assessment; non-swimming water exposures; time-lapse camera applications; remote photography; exposure duration distributions Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology INTRODUCTIONThe decision to treat (disinfect) wastewater and storm water overflows is a major controversy in the US and will probably cause large cities massive investment in ''gray'' infrastructure to mitigate wet weather discharges. A rational decision would use risk-benefit or cost-benefit approaches. To assess risk, one must know how the waters are being used. Although in many cases where the dominant use is swimming, the quantification of exposure is more straightforward, for example, by using aerial photos, turnstile counts or parking fees and so on. In a context, such as the one described in this paper where non-swimming recreational activities are the principal mode of exposure to surface water bodies, the issue is both determining how ma...

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Regional Public Health Cost Estimates of Contaminated Coastal Waters: A Case Study of Gastroenteritis at Southern California Beaches

Cited by 86 publications

References 31 publications

Effects of waves on coastal water dispersion in a small estuarine bay

Effects of waves on coastal water dispersion in a small estuarine bay

The Importance of Environmental Safety Evaluation of Beaches

Recreational use assessment of water-based activities, using time-lapse construction cameras

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