Regional Integration in Latin America: A Long and Winding Road

Mace, Gordon

doi:10.2307/40202547

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…The Andean Pact's initial positive trajectory ended with the accession of Venezuela and the withdrawal of Chile, in what was a succession of major crises. These events led to the renegotiation of key mechanisms and, in the end, the relinquishment of the original complex integration scheme (Mace, 1988).…”

Section: The Andean Community (Ac)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Regionalism in the Americas: segmented, overlapping, and sovereignty-boosting

2022

Handbook on Global Governance and Regionalism

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The origins of regional integration in the Americas lie in the South of the Western hemisphere. In fact, the unity of Latin America has been a constant in the regional political discourse. The "wars for independence were not yet over before proposals for political unity began to be heard throughout the newly independent territories" (Mace, 1988, p. 404). Simón Bolívar, the Venezuelan liberator, established his belief in a United States of "formerly-Spanish America" in his messages to the Congresses of Angostura (1819) and Panama (1826), the first attempts at continental integration. However, projects of continental unity never took off. Cultural commonalities notwithstanding, the divisive factors prevailed. Natural obstacles such as huge distances and physical barriers impeded communications. Historical legacies further aggravated regional integration. The social obstacles were also substantial: as colonial power, Spain was primarily interested in the extraction of natural resources. The administrative system it developed served this objective and entailed control over the territory from a single center. Its American colonies were thus ill connected. Disputes over territory or disagreements that were of a regulative nature were prone to distrust, rivalry, and competition. Unsurprisingly, thus, the end of the independence wars triggered civil strife that eventually divided Hispanic South America into nine independent countries. The exception was Brazil, Portugal's single South American colony, which managed to keep its unity. Central America went through a process of fragmentation, too. Only Mexico managed to retain most of its territory -only to lose half of it later to the United States.Subsequent attempts at political unification likewise failed and led to the emergence of pan-Americanism, a softer version of continental union for the management of international relations. Unlike Bolívar's original project, pan-Americanism included Brazil and was centered on the United States instead of the Central American land bridge. Inspired in the 1823 Monroe Doctrine, a US policy that opposed European colonialism in the Americas, the pan-American conferences were international summits held every 4 to 10 years, starting in Washington, DC in 1889. Pan-Americanism conceived of the world as divided in two hemispheres, where Europe embodied the old and the Americas, the new.After World War II, in which most Latin American states remained neutral, regionalism in the Western hemisphere split into two tracks, one political, the other economic. The political track incarnated into the Organization of American States (OAS), based in Washington, DC, which brought all of the Americas together under the aegis of the Monroe Doctrine. The economic track took distance from Washington, changed the focus from political cooperation to economic integration, and, eventually, split into two sub-regions: Central America and South America plus Mexico. This development must be attributed to many factors including the functionalist argument that in...

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Section: The Andean Community (Ac)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Regionalism in the Americas: segmented, overlapping, and sovereignty-boosting

2022

Handbook on Global Governance and Regionalism

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“…Segundo Mace (1988), o Pacto Andino foi o processo de integração mais ambicioso e amplo realizado no chamado Terceiro Mundo até então e por mais de duas décadas representou a única tentativa de integração regional na América do Sul. A ALALC sairia enfraquecida desse processo, mas é inegável que foi, juntamente com a CEPAL, a responsável por manter vivo o espírito integracionista na América Latina na segunda metade do século XX.…”

Section: Do Pacto Andino à Comunidade Andinaunclassified

documento dos Quatro e as origens da Comunidade Andina

Araujo

2021

Cad. PROLAM/USP

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O presente trabalho reflete sobre a importância do documento “Proposiciones para la Creación del Mercado Común Latinoamericano” para a Comunidade Andina (CAN). Originalmente, o texto visava reformar a Associação Latino-Americana de Livre Comércio (ALALC) e, apesar de não ter alcançado este objetivo, serviu de base para a construção da CAN, primeiro processo de integração sub-regional da América do Sul. Embora imbuído do pensamento integracionista da década de 1960, o documento contém um diagnóstico preciso de problemas que acometem a região até hoje e algumas diretrizes para a atuação da América do Sul no cenário internacional que continuam válidas.

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“…However, that is not the concern of this paper. 10,11 Based on the above trajectory, one might say that Latin American regional integration initiatives started long ago but not all were strong enough to reach the status of ratified treaties (Mace, 1988). The creation of the Latin-American Free Trade Association (LaFta) in 1960 was intended to establish a common market in the region.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Open Regionalism and the Pacific Alliance: The Case of the sura Group as a Private Sector Actor

Vargas-Alzate

Alviar²

2021

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Open regionalism is a dominant feature within the regional integration mechanism known as the Pacific Alliance. Its members seek to strengthen the economic ties between them and obtain favorable outcomes vis-à-vis the Asia Pacific region. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the private sector’s significance within the Pacific Alliance, while highlighting the role each one has played in the other’s success. To this end, the authors undertook an extensive literature review and conducted numerous interviews with representatives of the Colombian private sector to gather their estimations regarding the Pacific Alliance, its various stages of conception and implementation, and its real significance for the private sectors within and among members. Additionally, the focus was directed to the specific case of the sura Group, an international firm based in Colombia, to illustrate the objectives and benefits accruing to the private sector (and the sura Group itself) via this integration initiative.

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Regional Integration in Latin America: A Long and Winding Road

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

Regionalism in the Americas: segmented, overlapping, and sovereignty-boosting

Regionalism in the Americas: segmented, overlapping, and sovereignty-boosting

documento dos Quatro e as origens da Comunidade Andina

Open Regionalism and the Pacific Alliance: The Case of the sura Group as a Private Sector Actor

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