Regional differences, socio-demographics, and hidden population of HIV/AIDS in India

Kumar, Rajeev; Suar, Damodar; Singh, Sanjay Kumar

doi:10.1080/09540121.2016.1211605

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The key population in metropolitan cities including people who inject drugs, men who have sex with men, transgender people, female sex workers, inmates in central jails, migrants, and long-distance truckers are more prevalent in socioeconomically developed places (5, [13][14][15][16][17]. At the same time, migrants in these cities tend to be a carrier for transmission of infection to their origin places (5, 16,18,19). In India, most of the metropolitan cities received migrants from the socioeconomically less developed states including Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Madhya Pradesh (19,20).…”

Section: Discussion and Policy Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the same time, migrants in these cities tend to be a carrier for transmission of infection to their origin places (5, 16,18,19). In India, most of the metropolitan cities received migrants from the socioeconomically less developed states including Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Madhya Pradesh (19,20). These migrants seem to be a super spreader of infection in their origin places (10, [16][17][18][19].…”

Section: Discussion and Policy Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In India, most of the metropolitan cities received migrants from the socioeconomically less developed states including Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Madhya Pradesh (19,20). These migrants seem to be a super spreader of infection in their origin places (10, [16][17][18][19]. Our study produces the findings that states including Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Gujarat have a higher incidence of HIV compared to the other states in India.…”

Section: Discussion and Policy Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identifying Hotspots of HIV Infection in India

Kailash Chokhandre,

Itagi,

Kampli

2023

Int J Health Sci Res

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The study aims to identify the states & districts having higher HIV incidence rates. The data on HIV/AIDS in the Health Management Information System (HMIS) web portal has been used for the study. The result suggests the incidence of HIV at the Indian level was found to be 0.26 percent. At the sub-national level, Daman & Diu (2.4%) followed by Telangana (1.3%), Uttar Pradesh (0.9%), Bihar (0.6%), Gujarat (0.6%), and Andaman & Nicobar Islands (0.5%) have higher incidence rate than the national average. Subsequently, districts from several states like Uttar Pradesh, Telangana, Gujarat, Bihar, Nagaland, etc., show a higher incidence rate than the national level. Particularly, Medak (17.8%) and Chhotaudepur district (10.3%) of Gujarat; Nalanda (9.7%) of Bihar; Peddapalli (6.9%) of Telangana; Etah (6.4%) and Mirzapur (5.5%) from Uttar Pradesh. The study concludes that there is a need to address the commoving and increasing trend in HIV incidence in these states as they are densely populated with poor health services and less socio-economic developed States. So, the information, education, and communications programs on HIV should be strengthened in the states having a higher number of persons with HIV. The district-level planning and monitoring of the programs may help to arrest the rising incidence in the socio-economically poor states of India before it’s too late. Key words: HIV/AIDS Incidence, HMIS, SDG

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Section: Discussion and Policy Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussion and Policy Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussion and Policy Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identifying Hotspots of HIV Infection in India

Kailash Chokhandre,

Itagi,

Kampli

2023

Int J Health Sci Res

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“…Better employment opportunities in big cities result in influx of predominantly young migrants leading to accumulation of HRG population in these districts [38, 51–53]. Separation from families, flourishing sex trade, marriages at a later age and availability of money from employment provide opportunities for sexual encounters with multiple partners–both commercial and non-commercial [35, 36, 52]. These conditions coupled with lack of information about HIV prevention and condoms might increase the risk of unsafe sex and chances of HIV acquisition [17, 39, 51].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of consistently high HIV prevalence in Indian Districts: A multi-level analysis

Joshi

Mehendale

2019

PLoS ONE

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Introduction Factors associated with persistently high Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) prevalence levels in several districts of India are not well understood. This study was undertaken to determine the association of socio-demographic characteristics, economic factors, awareness about HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), and condom use with consistently high HIV prevalence in the Indian districts and to ascertain whether these associations differed across various regions of India. Methods This study was carried out including all 640 districts of India. Secondary analysis of data obtained from the Census of India-2011, HIV Sentinel Surveillance in India and District Level Household Survey-III was done. Population profile, socio-economic characteristics, levels of HIV/STI/condom awareness and condom use, were compared between the districts with and without consistently high HIV prevalence. Due to the presence of collinearity among predictor variables, we used principal component analysis and the principal component scores were included as covariates for further analysis. Considering the districts at level 1 and the regions at level 2, multi-level analysis was done by generalised linear mixed models. Variance partition coefficient and median odds ratio were also calculated. Results Sixty-three districts with consistently high HIV prevalence were found clustered in the South and the North-east regions of India. Population size, density and urbanisation were found to be positively associated with consistently high HIV prevalence in these districts. Higher levels of literacy, better socio-economic status, higher proportion of population in reproductive age group and late marriages were positively associated with consistently high HIV prevalence in all regions of India except in the Southern region. Higher levels of knowledge about the role of condoms in HIV prevention and condom use were associated with low HIV prevalence at the district level. Conclusions Considerable heterogeneity among factors associated with consistently high HIV prevalence at the district level in different regions of India necessitates special region-specific strategies for HIV control. Increasing awareness about HIV alone is not sufficient for controlling the HIV epidemic and there is a need to raise knowledge levels about preventive measures against HIV and promote the use of condoms amongst population.

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“…3–6 Since some of these activities could be illegal or are stigmatized, SCYs may experience public harassment and/or police violence. 6–8 Moreover, these behaviors also initiate psychosocial issues and mental health problems, and place them at risk of accidental injury, malnutrition, and diseases, particularly sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV. 9–11 SCYs generally have lower levels of education and greater misconceptions about HIV transmission compared to their housed peers 12,13 and do not consider the risk of HIV infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drug use, injecting behaviors, and survival sex among street children and youths in Kathmandu valley, Nepal

Kakchapati

Shrestha²,

et al. 2017

Int J STD AIDS

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A disproportionate number of street children use and inject drugs and engage in survival sex as coping mechanisms. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of drug use, injecting drugs, survival sex, and condom use and determinants associated with these behaviors among street children. Cross-sectional surveys were conducted in 2016 with an aim to sample 350 street children and youths in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Information about sociodemographic characteristics, injecting drugs, sexual risk behaviors, and biological specimens for HIV testing were obtained. The logistic regression model was used to identify the determinants associated with drug use, injecting drugs, survival sex, and condom use during last sex. Variables that were significantly associated with being a current drug user (versus never) in the presence of other variables included being a rag picker (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 3.2; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.73-5.9), history of imprisonment (AOR = 2.21; 95% CI = 1.21-4.04), alcohol consumption (AOR = 2.66; 95% CI = 1.46-4.84), and solvent sniffing (AOR = 5.12; 95% CI = 2.74-9.59). Variables that were significantly predictive of injecting drugs (versus never) in the presence of other variables include being 17 years old (AOR = 3.42; 95% CI = 1.11-10.55) and being a rag picker (AOR = 3.5; 95% CI = 1.25-9.75). Variables that were significantly associated with having survival sex (versus never) in the presence of other variables include being 17 years old (AOR = 3.58; 95% CI = 1.31-9.81) and having forced sex (AOR = 9.62; 95% CI = 3.21-28.8). Drug use and survival sex are major coping mechanisms among street children in Kathmandu Valley and are associated with many risk behaviors. Targeted programs should be implemented to meet their special needs.

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Regional differences, socio-demographics, and hidden population of HIV/AIDS in India

Cited by 6 publications

References 12 publications

Identifying Hotspots of HIV Infection in India

Identifying Hotspots of HIV Infection in India

Determinants of consistently high HIV prevalence in Indian Districts: A multi-level analysis

Drug use, injecting behaviors, and survival sex among street children and youths in Kathmandu valley, Nepal

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