Drug use, injecting behaviors, and survival sex among street children and youths in Kathmandu valley, Nepal

Kakchapati, Sampurna; Shrestha, Bishnu Kumar; Li, Dan Y; Rajbhandari, Rajesh Man; Poudel, Tarun

doi:10.1177/0956462417746532

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Studies in other countries reported higher alcohol consumption rates compared to Iran. Alcohol consumption was reported among street children as 63.2% in Colombo of Sri Lanka (Senaratna & Wijewardana, 2012), 64.3% in Nepal (Kakchapati et al., 2018), 81.3% in Ghana (Asante et al., 2014), 69% in Nigeria (Olley, 2006), and present alcohol consumption of 35% in Egypt (Nada & El Daw, 2010). Alcohol prohibition based on religion and law may decrease alcohol abuse by street children in Iran.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lifetime alcohol‐use prevalence and correlated factors among street children in Iran

et al. 2022

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Background: Several studies on street children in Iran reported a high prevalence of alcohol consumption among this group. This study assessed the prevalence of lifetime alcohol use and correlated factors among street children in Iran. Methods:We conducted a cross-sectional survey among 856 street children from six provinces of Iran. Behavioral data were collected by trained interviewers using a structured questionnaire. Our target outcome was lifetime alcohol use. We examined associations between individual variables and lifetime alcohol use using the chi-square.A multiple logistic regression model included variables with a p-value < .2. Lastly, we reported the adjusted odds ratio (an OR) point estimate and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) as the effect measure.Results: Mean age and standard deviation (SD) of alcohol drinkers were 14.94 ± 2.16.Overall, 16.6% (CI95%: 14.38%, 19.55%) of participants reported lifetime alcohol use, and almost 60% of children reported alcohol use over three past months. In the final model, factors that were independently associated with alcohol use included the 15-18 age range (AOR 2.35, 95% CI 1.48−3.73), Iranian nationality (AOR 3.36, 95% CI 2.07−5.45), working longer than 5 years in the streets (AOR 2.90, 95% CI 1.72−4.88), father's drug use (AOR 1.93,, and illiteracy (AOR 1.65, 95% CI 1.03−2.66). Conclusions:The results of the present study demonstrated that preventive plans for alcohol use among street children must be addressed using the services provided by governmental and nongovernmental organizations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, alcohol consumption is recognized among determinant factors of high‐risk behaviors. Research in Nepal suggested that alcohol consumption in street children is a determinant characteristic of active substance use (AOR = 2.66; 95% CI = 1.46−4.84) (Kakchapati et al., 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lifetime alcohol‐use prevalence and correlated factors among street children in Iran

et al. 2022

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“…The study clearly demonstrates the utility of Bayesian paradigm of index based measure as the methodology for deeper understanding of age profile. The results demonstrates that such methodological innovation, unravel better characterization of age profile as it provides the evidence of propensity for finding substance using street children, who belongs to lower age group (7-10 years, highest measured entropy of 3.73) followed by middle age-group (11-14 years) and upper age group (15)(16)(17)(18). In addition to that a systematic pattern was also captured through the Bayesian derived SDI among agegroups with lesser variability than classical SDI estimates, that can be utilized by policy makers.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…In the field of drug use epidemiology, the methodological challenges are inevitable [15]. Numerous studies have been performed in several countries like Bangladesh [16]; Pakistan [17]; Nepal [18]; Tehran [19]; Kenya [20]; Brazil [21] and India [22], but majority of them utilized purposive sampling for recruitment of street children. The lack of representativeness, has limited utility as these programs, for prevention and treatment intervention for substance using street children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity in substance use behaviour among street children of Delhi under Bayesian paradigm

Verma

Mishra

Dhawan

et al. 2020

BMC Med Res Methodol

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Background Shannon’s index is one of the measures of biodiversity, which is intended to quantify both richness and evenness of the species/individuals in the ecosystem or community. However, application of Shannon’s index in the field of substance use among the street children has not been done till date. Methods This paper is concerned with methods of estimating Shannon’s diversity index (SDI), which can be used to capture the variation in the population due to certain characteristics. Under the consideration that the probability of abundance, based on certain characteristics in the population, is a random phenomenon, we derive a Bayesian estimate in connection with Shannon’s information measure and their properties (mean and variance), by using a probability matching prior, through simulation and compared it with those of the classical estimates of Shannon. The theoretical framework has been applied to the primary survey data of substance use among the street children in Delhi, collected during 2015. The measure of diversity was estimated across different age profiles and districts. Results The results unrevealing the diversity estimate for street children corresponding to each region of Delhi, under both the classical and Bayesian paradigms. Although the estimates were close to one another, a striking difference was noted in the age profile of children. Conclusions The Bayesian methodology provided evidence for a greater likelihood of finding substance-using street children, belonging to the lower age group (7-10, maximum Bayesian entropy-3.73), followed by the middle (11-14) and upper age group (15-18). Moreover, the estimated variance under the Bayesian paradigm was lesser than that of the classical estimate. There is ample scope for further refinement in these estimates, by considering more covariates that may have a possible role in initiating substance use among street children in developing countries like India.

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“…Fafchamps and Wahba (2006: 378) Shahraki et al (2020) report that many of their child respondents mentioned methamphetamine and opium use by and with parents. Other literature suggests that drug use is common in physically demanding and socially stigmatised jobs as a coping mechanism (see, for example, Baumann et al 2007;Kakchapati et al 2018); however, it also feeds back into the dynamics of violence and coercion associated with WFCL. Many of the respondents also reported being forced to work by parents and other family members, and they reported that in many cases, those same familial or familiar networks were used to secure the work.…”

Section: Social/economic Dynamics and Wfclmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban Neighbourhood Dynamics and the Worst Forms of Child Labour

Kasper¹

2021

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While the worst forms of child labour (WFCL) is not only an urban phenomenon, evidence suggests that WFCL emerges in cities in unique ways due to the complex structures and dynamics of urban systems. This report, therefore, develops a conceptual framework for WFCL in cities that integrates key understandings of urban systems and evidence about urban WFCL. This report reviews current literature on the complex systemic nature of cities – drawing on literature on the urban land nexus, urban complexity, informality, and inclusive urbanisation. It also reviews studies of child labour (focusing on the worst forms, where possible) in urban contexts. In this way, the report offers an innovative way of understanding the challenge of WFCL, and outlines the premises of a research agenda for responding to WFCL in cities. These contributions are made with the specific cities and neighbourhoods in mind where the CLARISSA programme is being implemented; however, they should be useful more generally.

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Drug use, injecting behaviors, and survival sex among street children and youths in Kathmandu valley, Nepal

Cited by 13 publications

References 29 publications

Lifetime alcohol‐use prevalence and correlated factors among street children in Iran

Lifetime alcohol‐use prevalence and correlated factors among street children in Iran

Diversity in substance use behaviour among street children of Delhi under Bayesian paradigm

Urban Neighbourhood Dynamics and the Worst Forms of Child Labour

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