Regeneration of Articular Cartilage Using Membranes of Polyester Scaffolds in a Rabbit Model

Abstract

One promising method for cartilage regeneration involves combining known methods, such as the microfracture technique with biomaterials, e.g., scaffolds (membranes). The most important feature of such implants is their appropriate rate of biodegradation, without the production of toxic metabolites. This study presents work on two different membranes made of polyester (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone-PLCA) named “PVP and “Z”. The difference between them was the use of different pore precursors—polyvinylpyrrolidone in the “PVP” scaffold and gelatin in the “Z” scaffold. These were implemented in the articular cartilage defects of rabbit knee joints (defects were created for the purpose of the study). After 8, 16, and 24 weeks of observation, and the subsequent termination of the animals, histopathology and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) examinations were performed. Statistical analysis proved that the membranes support the regeneration process. GPC testing proved that the biodegradation process is progressing exponentially, causing the membranes to degrade at the appropriate time. The surgical technique we used meets all the requirements without causing the membrane to migrate after implantation. The “PVP” membrane is better due to the fact that after 24 weeks of observation there was a statistical trend for higher histological ratings. It is also better because it is easier to implant due to its lower fragility then membrane “Z”. We conclude that the selected membranes seem to support the regeneration of articular cartilage in the rabbit model.

Scaffolds for Cartilage Tissue Engineering from a Blend of Polyethersulfone and Polyurethane Polymers

“…Doctors and scientists are still looking for an effective method to regenerate cartilage. A promising solution for restoring hyaline cartilage is to combine well-known methods such as the MF technique with scaffolds, which will provide the right conditions for mesenchymal stem cells [ 8 , 21 , 27 , 29 ]. Therefore, scaffolds tailored for cartilage needs deserve special attention.…”

“…Those which are biodegradable break down into components that are non-toxic for the host and metabolized in the body. In addition, their mechanical properties and degradation time can be controlled by combining two or more polymers (as copolymers or blends) [ 29 , 32 , 44 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 ]. It is worth noting that some synthetic materials do not have adequate biological properties, and sometimes degradation products, such as acids, can cause side effects on the host organism, for example, induce an inflammatory response [ 32 , 67 , 68 ].…”

Fetuin A functionalisation of biodegradable PLLA-co-PEG nonwovens towards enhanced biomineralisation and osteoblastic growth behaviour

“…The structural properties of the nonwovens allow for facile implantation and versatile application, as these materials are highly flexible and can easily adapt to the shape of complex hard tissue defects. 9 A common approach is the use of electrospun poly(Llactide) (PLLA) hybrid membranes loaded with hydroxyapatite (HA) microparticles as crystallisation nuclei to actively support bone regeneration. 10,11 However, the stability and homogeneity of the HA suspension before and during the manufacturing process are essential.…”

“…The structural properties of the nonwovens allow for facile implantation and versatile application, as these materials are highly flexible and can easily adapt to the shape of complex hard tissue defects. 9…”

Intraarticular Implantation of Autologous Chondrocytes Placed on Collagen or Polyethersulfone Scaffolds: An Experimental Study in Rabbits

“…Furthermore, experimental evidence shows better results with the ACI than with the MF method [ 10 , 19 , 20 ]. Thus, researchers and doctors are still searching for a more promising method of AC regeneration, among which the most promising one is to use cells with biomaterials (bioimplants) [ 1 , 4 , 8 , 9 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 21 , 22 ].…”