Regeneration and utilization of graphite from the spent lithium-ion batteries by modified low-temperature sulfuric acid roasting

Zhang, Zhenghua; Zhu, Xiangdong; Hou, Huiliang; Tang, Lei; Xiao, Jin; Zhong, Qifan

doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2022.06.037

Cited by 19 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…255 In order to save energy costs, the graphite can be cured before acid leaching, which reduces the leaching temperature and is more environmentally friendly because it reduces the amount of acid used and wastewater generated. 256,257 In addition, one of the main challenges in the direct recycling of battery materials is the quality of the waste, which largely affects the recovery effect. For highly contaminated graphite residue, the biggest headache is the impurities embedded deep in the graphite structure, which are difficult to remove by a general method.…”

Section: Direct Recycling Of Graphite Anode Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fundamentals, status and challenges of direct recycling technologies for lithium ion batteries

Ji,

Wang,

et al. 2023

Chem. Soc. Rev.

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Section: Direct Recycling Of Graphite Anode Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fundamentals, status and challenges of direct recycling technologies for lithium ion batteries

Ji,

Wang,

et al. 2023

Chem. Soc. Rev.

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“…Lithium could be recycled to the greatest degree from waste graphite with leaching agents (H 2 O 2 , NaOH, H 2 SO 4 , and HCl) by sintering process. 137,138 Releaching can remove most impurities that had resisted being separated. A 99.4 wt % amount of lithium was recycled from waste graphite by a high-temperature treatment of 500 °C.…”

Section: Removal Of Impurities and Regenerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The hydrometallurgical process is one of the main methods for realizing direct separation for waste LIBs, featuring low energy consumption, high extraction efficiency, and minimal capital cost. , For example, purified regeneration graphite materials can be acquired by a sintering–acid-leaching combined process, which can be reused for the manufacturing process of new LIBs. Lithium could be recycled to the greatest degree from waste graphite with leaching agents (H 2 O 2 , NaOH, H 2 SO 4 , and HCl) by sintering process. , Releaching can remove most impurities that had resisted being separated. A 99.4 wt % amount of lithium was recycled from waste graphite by a high-temperature treatment of 500 °C .…”

Section: Regeneration Of Battery-grade Graphite and Preparation Of Ad...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Foreseeable Future of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: Advanced Upcycling for Toxic Electrolyte, Cathode, and Anode from Environmental and Technological Perspectives

Zhang,

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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With the rise of the new energy vehicle industry represented by Tesla and BYD, the need for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) grows rapidly. However, owing to the limited service life of LIBs, the large-scale retirement tide of LIBs has come. The recycling of spent LIBs has become an inevitable trend of resource recovery, environmental protection, and social demand. The low added value recovery of previous LIBs mostly used traditional metal extraction, which caused environmental damage and had high cost. Beyond metal extraction, the upcycling of spent LIBs came into being. In this work, we have outlined and particularly focus on sustainable upcycling technologies of toxic electrolyte, cathode, and anode from spent LIBs. For electrolyte, whether electrolyte extraction or decomposition, restoring the original electrolyte components or decomposing them into low-carbon energy conversion is the goal of electrolyte upcycling. Direct regeneration and preparation of advanced materials are the best strategies for cathodic upcycling with the advantages of cost and energy consumption, but challenges remain in industrial practice. The regeneration of advanced graphite-based materials and battery-grade graphite shows us the prospect of regeneration of anode. Furthermore, the challenges and future development of spent LIBs upcycling are summarized and discussed from technological and environmental perspectives.

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“…Afterward, the obtained discarded graphite powder can be further decontaminated and purified. The treatment of the discarded graphitic anode material can generally be divided into three feasible technical pathways in Figure 14,1) Acid leaching process, engaged stream to feasibly removal of metal impurities in non-purified graphite, common inorganic acids H 2 SO 4 , [80][81][82][83][84][85][86] HNO 3 , [82] H 3 BO 3 , [87] H 3 PO 4 , [88] HCl. [89][90][91][92] Organic acid citric acid [93] ; 2) Heat treatment, favorable to restoration of disorder lattice d-spacing among waste graphite layers destroyed due to repeated lithiation/delithiation process, reopening of Li + conducting channels and thus improving the specific capacity [94][95][96][97] ; 3) Surface coating modification, improving the cycling strength of graphite using amorphous carbon or pyrolytic carbon from carbonized highly crosslinked polymer such as pitch, [98,99] phenolic resin, [84] sucrose, starch and glucose, [100] polyethylene glycol.…”

Section: Academic Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling and Reusing of Graphite from Retired Lithium‐ion Batteries: A Review

Tian,

Graczyk‐Zajac,

Kessler

et al. 2023

Advanced Materials

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The proliferation of rechargeable lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) over the past decade has led to a significant increase in the number of electric vehicles (EVs) powered by these batteries reaching the end of their lifespan. With retired EVs becoming more prevalent, recycling and reusing their components, particularly graphite, has become imperative as the world transitions toward electric mobility. Graphite constitutes ≈20% of LIBs by weight, making it a valuable resource to be conserved. This review presents an in‐depth analysis of the current global graphite mining landscape and explores potential opportunities for the “second life” of graphitefrom depleted LIBs. Various recycling and reactivation technologies in both industry and academia are discussed, along with potential applications for recycled graphite forming a vital aspect of the waste management hierarchy. Furthermore, this review addresses the future challenges faced by the recycling industry in dealing with expired LIBs, encompassing environmental, economic, legal, and regulatory considerations. In conclusion, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the developments in recycling and reusing graphite from retired LIBs, offering valuable insights for forthcoming large‐scale recycling efforts.

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Regeneration and utilization of graphite from the spent lithium-ion batteries by modified low-temperature sulfuric acid roasting

Cited by 19 publications

References 28 publications

Fundamentals, status and challenges of direct recycling technologies for lithium ion batteries

Fundamentals, status and challenges of direct recycling technologies for lithium ion batteries

The Foreseeable Future of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: Advanced Upcycling for Toxic Electrolyte, Cathode, and Anode from Environmental and Technological Perspectives

Recycling and Reusing of Graphite from Retired Lithium‐ion Batteries: A Review

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