Fundamentals, status and challenges of direct recycling technologies for lithium ion batteries

Abstract

Unlike conventional recycling methods that focus on 'extraction', direct recycling aims for 'repair', which necessitates selecting and designing a recycling strategy based on the failure mechanisms of the spent lithium ion battery materials.

A systematic review of efficient recycling for the cathode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries: process intensification technologies beyond traditional methods

“…DESs stand out as an exceptional solvent for achieving environmentally sustainable and efficient recovery of spent LIBs under mild conditions. 131–133 Fig. 9a provides an overview of the leaching process flow diagram of DESs.…”

Recent Progress of Solid–Liquid Interface-Mediated Contact-Electro-Catalysis

“…Currently, LIBs recycling typically involves three main steps: pretreatment, , metal extraction, , and metal separation. , In the research and development of the metal extraction step in recycling processes, common methods include pyrometallurgical processes, , hydrometallurgical recovery methods, , and direct recycling methods. − Hydrometallurgical processes are one of the most feasible options due to their high metal leaching rates and excellent product purity in recycling. However, the use of hydrochloric acid (HCl), phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ), and other mineral acid technologies in the wet metallurgical process results in harmful byproducts, posing risks to both workers and the environment .…”

Bismuth-doping boosting Na+ diffusion kinetics of layered oxide cathode with radially oriented {010} active lattice facet for sodium-ion batteries

“…The widespread demand on energy transition from unsustainable fossil fuels to renewable energy sources drives the rapid development of the large-scale energy storage devices. − Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are well considered as one such type of the most promising candidates from the perspective of their advantages, such as low-cost, abundant, and uniform sodium resources. , To meet the energy density requirements for commercialization, O3-type layered oxide (Na x MnO 2 , 0.7 < x ≤ 1) cathodes for SIBs with sufficient Na content have been investigated extensively in the past decade. − However, their further practical application is hindered by the issues of poor cycling stability and limited rate capability owing to the complex phase transition and slow Na + diffusion. , …”