Refractory Alloys: Vanadium, Niobium, Molybdenum, Tungsten

Snead, Lance Lewis; Hoelzer, David T.; Rieth, M.; Nemith, Andre A.N.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397046-6.00013-7

Cited by 33 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…Corrosive loss of material is a structural problem with potential to limit spacecraft operating life, and the degradation of materials due to stress corrosion cracking is a well-known phenomenon [26]. The materials suggested viable by this study for chemical stability, Ti-6Al-4 V, Ti, and Mo, have also already been characterized related to strengths vs temperature to 500°C [13,27], and this understanding might be applied to future static lander structural design. For lander actuation and mobile systems, surface roughness plus coefficient of friction have not yet been addressed, and there are currently no lubricants (liquid or solid) known to reliably survive the Venus surface conditions for extended periods.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Experimental Study of Structural Materials for Prolonged Venus Surface Exploration Missions

Lukco¹,

Spry²,

Neudeck³

et al. 2020

Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets

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Materials used in the fabrication of landers for Venus exploration need to be carefully selected to assure functional durability throughout anticipated prolonged future mission durations in the harsh conditions that include 460°C and 9.2 MPa pressure with supercritical CO 2 and trace corrosive gases. Previous work has shown the adverse effects that trace quantities of the atmospheric sulfide and halogen Venus gas constituents have on some materials used in sensor and electronic component fabrication. In this study, a limited, systematic evaluation of several pure elemental metals as well as Ti-6Al-4 V is conducted to determine on an elemental level the constituents of structural materials that could survive prolonged Venus exploration. The metals are characterized before and after exposure to a simulated Venus surface atmosphere using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and field-emission-scanning electron microscopy. Ti-6Al-4 V, titanium, and molybdenum all demonstrate stability when exposed to the simulated Venus surface environment. In contrast, cobalt, palladium, and to some extent chromium have adverse reactions to the sulfur constituents. The 96% supercritical CO 2 leads to the complete oxidation of niobium and zirconium, as well as spalling oxide layers on tantalum and formation of a thick oxide layer on tungsten.xM yCOg MxOy yC s R1xM yCO 2 g MxOy yCOg R22COg CO 2 g C s Boudouard reaction

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Experimental Study of Structural Materials for Prolonged Venus Surface Exploration Missions

Lukco¹,

Spry²,

Neudeck³

et al. 2020

Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets

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“…Otherwise, refractory elements need to be considered for in-core applications, including ATF. The spectrum of alloys is quite wide [96,97,329], for both fission and fusion [330] and especially considered for space nuclear applications [331], often combining elements, either in solid solution [96,97,329], or in layers [332,333]: molybdenum alloys [102,334,335] (U-Mo alloys are also considered as proliferation-resistant fuel [336]. ), niobium alloys [331,337], vanadium alloys [97,333,[338][339][340] and tungsten alloys [332,341,342], the two latter especially for fusion, and tungsten exclusively for it [329,342].…”

Section: Annex 3-pathways To Nuclear Materials Improvement For Next G...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The spectrum of alloys is quite wide [96,97,329], for both fission and fusion [330] and especially considered for space nuclear applications [331], often combining elements, either in solid solution [96,97,329], or in layers [332,333]: molybdenum alloys [102,334,335] (U-Mo alloys are also considered as proliferation-resistant fuel [336]. ), niobium alloys [331,337], vanadium alloys [97,333,[338][339][340] and tungsten alloys [332,341,342], the two latter especially for fusion, and tungsten exclusively for it [329,342]. Tantalum alloys have been considered in the past in the US for space nuclear applications, but little information is available, except for a few conference abstracts that can be found online.…”

Section: Annex 3-pathways To Nuclear Materials Improvement For Next G...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Materials for Sustainable Nuclear Energy: A European Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda for All Reactor Generations

Malerba

Mazouzi²,

Bertolus

et al. 2022

Energies

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Nuclear energy is presently the single major low-carbon electricity source in Europe and is overall expected to maintain (perhaps eventually even increase) its current installed power from now to 2045. Long-term operation (LTO) is a reality in essentially all nuclear European countries, even when planning to phase out. New builds are planned. Moreover, several European countries, including non-nuclear or phasing out ones, have interests in next generation nuclear systems. In this framework, materials and material science play a crucial role towards safer, more efficient, more economical and overall more sustainable nuclear energy. This paper proposes a research agenda that combines modern digital technologies with materials science practices to pursue a change of paradigm that promotes innovation, equally serving the different nuclear energy interests and positions throughout Europe. This paper chooses to overview structural and fuel materials used in current generation reactors, as well as their wider spectrum for next generation reactors, summarising the relevant issues. Next, it describes the materials science approaches that are common to any nuclear materials (including classes that are not addressed here, such as concrete, polymers and functional materials), identifying for each of them a research agenda goal. It is concluded that among these goals are the development of structured materials qualification test-beds and materials acceleration platforms (MAPs) for materials that operate under harsh conditions. Another goal is the development of multi-parameter-based approaches for materials health monitoring based on different non-destructive examination and testing (NDE&T) techniques. Hybrid models that suitably combine physics-based and data-driven approaches for materials behaviour prediction can valuably support these developments, together with the creation and population of a centralised, “smart” database for nuclear materials.

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“…Beberapa logam (seperti Ti, Nb, Zr, dan Ru) telah dipadukan dengan uranium untuk meningkatkan resistensi terhadap korosi [6]. Dalam penelitian ini, logam Nb akan dipaduka dengan U-6Zr untuk meningkatkan ketahanan korosinya, selain logam Nb memiliki penampang lintang serapan neutron yang rendah, memiliki kompatibilitas yang baik dengan logam cair alkali, sifat mekanik suhu tinggi, dan dapat difabrikasi dengan baik, sehingga Nb cocok untuk dikembangkan dalam bidang nuklir [7]. Selain itu, paduan uranium-zirkonium-Niobium (U-Zr-Nb) dianggap sebagai salah satu bahan bakar nuklir yang menarik untuk reaktor riset, karena memiliki sifat yang menguntungkan seperti densitas dan konduktivitas termalnya yang lebih tinggi, kemudahannya saat difabrikasi, serta kompatibilitasnya yang baik dengan kelongsong bahan bakar [8].…”

Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

ANALISIS KOMPOSISI UNSUR, DENSITAS, MAKROSTRUKTUR, DAN FASA PADUAN U-6Zr-xNb PASCA UJI KOROSI

Masrukan

Mustika²,

Perdana³

et al. 2020

urania

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ANALISIS KOMPOSISI UNSUR, DENSITAS, MAKROSTRUKTUR, DAN FASA PADUAN U-6Zr-xNb PASCA UJI KOROSI. Penelitian mengenai komposisi unsur, densitas, makrostruktur, dan fasa paduan U-6Zr-xNb pasca uji korosi telah dilakukan. Analisis komposisi paduan dilakukan sebelum uji korosi yang meliputi uji kadar uranium dengan titrasi potensiometri, uji kadar pengotor dengan Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) serta uji kadar Zr dan Nb dengan X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). Analisis komposisi paduan bertujuan untuk memastikan bahwa bahan bakar U-6Zr-xNb memenuhi syarat kualitas bahan bakar nuklir. Uji densitas dilakukan untuk menjadi salah satu parameter dalam menghitung laju korosi, sedangkan pengamatan makrostruktur dan fasa paduan dilakukan untuk mengetahui kerusakan atau produk korosi serta lapisan/fasa yang terbentuk setelah terjadi korosi. Hasil uji komposisi paduan U-6Zr-xNb dengan XRF maupun titrasi potensiometri menunjukkan bahwa kadar uranium sudah mendekati kadar yang syaratkan, sedangkan untuk uji pengotor dengan AAS menunjukkan adanya kadar pengotor melebihi yang disyaratkan untuk bahan bakar nuklir antara lain Al, Fe dan Si. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, bahan bakar U-6Zr-xNb masih memenuhi persyaratan. Dilihat dari sifat neutroniknya, unsur Al, Fe dan Si memiliki tampang serapan neutron yang rendah. Hasil uji densitas sampel U-6Zr, U-6Zr-1Nb, U-6Zr-4Nb, dan U-6Zr-7Nb masing-masing sebesar 16,9798 g/mL, 16,6115 g/mL, 15,594 g/mL, dan 15,3564 g/mL. Pengamatan makrostruktur paduan pasca korosi menunjukkan adanya bercak hitam yang merupakan hasil oksidasi U (IV) menjadi U (VI). Paduan U-6Zr-xNb mengalami korosi paling besar pada media air bebas mineral. Kerusakan pada permukaan paduan semakin menurun seiring bertambahnya presentase berat Nb dalam paduan. Hasil karakterisasi paduan pasca korosi menggunakan XRD menunjukkan bahwa sampel U-6Zr dan U-6Zr-1Nb terbentuk fasa α, sedangkan untuk sampel U-6Zr-4Nb dan U-6Zr-7Nb terbentuk fasa γ. Lapisan oksida protektif Nb2O5 yang terbentuk sangat kecil, sehingga tidak terdeteksi oleh XRD.Kata kunci: Paduan UZrNb, komposisi, pengotor, korosi, densitas, makrostruktur, pembentukan fasa.

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Refractory Alloys: Vanadium, Niobium, Molybdenum, Tungsten

Cited by 33 publications

References 83 publications

Experimental Study of Structural Materials for Prolonged Venus Surface Exploration Missions

Experimental Study of Structural Materials for Prolonged Venus Surface Exploration Missions

Materials for Sustainable Nuclear Energy: A European Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda for All Reactor Generations

ANALISIS KOMPOSISI UNSUR, DENSITAS, MAKROSTRUKTUR, DAN FASA PADUAN U-6Zr-xNb PASCA UJI KOROSI

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