Refractive error study in children: results from Shunyi District, China

Zhao, Jialiang; Pan, Xiang-jun; Sui, Ruifang; Muñoz, Sergio; Sperduto, Robert D.; Ellwein, Leon B.

doi:10.1016/s0002-9394(99)00452-3

Cited by 499 publications

(483 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…There is often a positive family history in children detected with refractive error and higher prevalence in certain racial groups, for example of myopia in Asian children (Ashton 1985;Au Eong 1993;Yap 1994). Environmental factors: the development of myopia is most frequently associated with an over exposure to near tasks, such as reading (Angle 1980;Sperduto 1983;Zylbermann 1993). In general, refractive errors may be related to socio-economic status and level of education (Ashton 1985;Au Eong 1993;Zylbermann 1993).…”

Section: Aetiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Uncorrected refractive error has recently been identified as the leading cause of visual impairment in children worldwide (He 2004;Maul 2000;Naidoo 2003;Pokharel 2000;Zhao 2000). Population-based, cross-sectional studies in children aged 5 to 15 years show that 8% of rural Chinese, 9% of urban Chinese, 2% of rural Nepalese, 7% of urban Chilean and 0.9% of urban South African children would benefit from spectacles (Pokharel 2000).…”

Section: B a C K G R O U N D Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vision screening for correctable visual acuity deficits in school-age children and adolescents

Evans

Morjaria

Powell

2004

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

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Section: Aetiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B a C K G R O U N D Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vision screening for correctable visual acuity deficits in school-age children and adolescents

Evans

Morjaria

Powell

2004

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

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“…[1][2][3] Typically, juvenile-onset school myopia reveals myopic progression after the onset of the myopia. [4][5][6] School children who appeared to be more myopic at the beginning were found to exhibit a more-rapid myopia progression rate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term visual prognosis of infantile-onset high myopia

Shih

Hsiao

et al. 2005

Eye

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Purpose To investigate the clinical course and changes of refractive status in infantile-onset myopic children who received fully corrected glasses and to determine their visual prognosis. Methods In all, 57 children with infantileonset high myopia (spherical equivalent over À5.0 D prior to the age of 5 years) were included in this study. All children received initial full-correction glasses at the mean age of 3.52 years. The cycloplegic refraction, axial length, and the best-corrected visual acuity were collected every 6 months. The mean follow-up time was 9.36 years. Results We noted that the tendency toward progression or regression of myopia appeared to be related to the degree of refractive error. Lower grades of high myopia (À5.0 to À7.75 D) showed a greater tendency to progress than those of the highest initial myopic refraction level (rÀ11.0 D). While the latter group exhibited a more-substantial regression rate than those cases of the lower initial refraction level. About 80% of infantile-onset high myopes demonstrated a final best-corrected vision of greater than 20/40, with 37% of children revealing a best-corrected vision level even better than 20/25. Conclusion Clinical course of infantile high myopia is different to school myopia. Usually, higher degree of high myopia showed a stable state of myopia, or even possible regression, whereas the lower grades of high myopia revealed a strong tendency to progress.

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“…Observations from a number of population‐based studies in China,9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32 show that myopia prevalence varies based on location and age. For example, in children aged 10 years myopia prevalence can range anywhere from 9% to 53% 9, 12, 13, 15, 29, 30.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, in children aged 10 years myopia prevalence can range anywhere from 9% to 53% 9, 12, 13, 15, 29, 30. Also, myopia is increasingly being seen in younger, preschool children but very few studies have documented the prevalence of myopia in these populations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and methodology of the Shanghai child and adolescent large‐scale eye study (SCALE)

Zhao

Sankaridurg

et al. 2017

Clinical Exper Ophthalmology

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ImportanceNearly half of children suffering vision impairment reside in China with myopia accounting for the vast majority.BackgroundTo describe the design and methodology of the Shanghai Child and Adolescent Large‐scale Eye Study (SCALE).DesignThe SCALE was a city wide, school‐based, prospective survey.ParticipantsChildren and adolescents aged 4–14 years from kindergarten (middle and senior), primary schools and junior high schools of all 17 districts and counties of the city of Shanghai, China were examined in 2012–2013.MethodsEach enrolled child underwent vision assessment (distance visual acuity; uncorrected and with corrective device if worn) and their parent/carer completed a questionnaire designed to elicit risk factors associated with myopia. Additionally, non‐cycloplegic autorefraction and ocular axial length was measured in a subset of the larger sample.Main Outcome MeasuresPrevalence and the associated factors of vision impairment, myopia and high myopia in Shanghai.ResultsIn 2012–2013, a total of 910 245 of the eligible 1 196 763 children and adolescents identified from census (76%, mean age 9.0 ± 2.7 years [4–14 years]) were enrolled with visual acuity screened in the city of Shanghai. Of these, 610 952 children (67% of the entire sample) underwent non‐cycloplegic autorefraction and 219 188 (24% of the entire sample) had both non‐cycloplegic autorefraction and axial length measurements.Conclusions and RelevanceThe study results will provide insights on the burden of vision impairment, myopia and high myopia in children and adolescents in a metropolitan area of China, and contribute to the policies and strategies to address and limit the burden.

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Refractive error study in children: results from Shunyi District, China

Cited by 499 publications

References 4 publications

Vision screening for correctable visual acuity deficits in school-age children and adolescents

Vision screening for correctable visual acuity deficits in school-age children and adolescents

Long-term visual prognosis of infantile-onset high myopia

Design and methodology of the Shanghai child and adolescent large‐scale eye study (SCALE)

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