Refraction and Ocular Biometry of Preschool Children in Shanghai, China

Zhang, Luoli; He, Xiangui; Qu, Xiaomei; You, Xiaofang; Wang, Bingjie; Shi, Huijing; Tan, Handong; Zou, Haidong; Zhu, Jianfeng

doi:10.1155/2018/5205946

Cited by 28 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 46 publications

(76 reference statements)

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“…There were no significant increases of AL in 4-or 5-year-old children in Shanghai from 2013 to 2019. However, AL was mainly significantly associated with boys and time In this study, the mean AL of 4-and 5-year-old children in Jinshan District was 22.21 ± 0.69 mm and 22.45 ± 0.70 mm, respectively, in agreement with previous studies carried out in Shanghai [8,9]. Zhang et al [8] found that the mean AL of 4-and 5-year-old children in Jiading and Xuhui District in 2013 was 22.18 ± 0.69 mm and 22.47 ± 0.71 mm, respectively, with significant difference between genders.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…However, AL was mainly significantly associated with boys and time In this study, the mean AL of 4-and 5-year-old children in Jinshan District was 22.21 ± 0.69 mm and 22.45 ± 0.70 mm, respectively, in agreement with previous studies carried out in Shanghai [8,9]. Zhang et al [8] found that the mean AL of 4-and 5-year-old children in Jiading and Xuhui District in 2013 was 22.18 ± 0.69 mm and 22.47 ± 0.71 mm, respectively, with significant difference between genders. He et al [9] found that the mean AL of 4-and 5-yearold children in Jiading District in 2017 was 22.16 ± 0.65 mm and 22.32 ± 0.71 mm, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Vision screening is recommended at least once in all children aged 3-5 years old by the US Preventive Services Task Force [6]. Despite the importance of AL, few population-based studies have focused on AL, especially in preschool children [7][8][9][10][11][12]. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the time trend of AL in 4-and 5-year-old children, and to assess potential factors associated with AL in these children in a kindergarten in Shanghai from 2013 to 2019.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Time trend of axial length and associated factors in 4- and 5-year-old children in Shanghai from 2013 to 2019

Wan

Yao

et al. 2020

Int Ophthalmol

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Purpose To evaluate the time trend of axial length (AL) and associated factors in 4- and 5-year-old children in Shanghai from 2013 to 2019. Methods This was a 7-year observational study of 985 four-year-old and 1059 five-year-old children in Shanghai. AL, horizontal and vertical corneal curvature, spherical equivalent (SE), and body height and weight were measured. Furthermore, a questionnaire was collected, including time outdoors and bad eyesight habits. Results In 4-year-old children, no significant difference was found in AL (P = 0.526), but significant differences were observed in SE (P = 0.001), horizontal corneal curvature (P = 0.006), vertical corneal curvature (P = 0.004), height (P < 0.001), and weight (P = 0.022) from 2013 to 2019. In 5-year-old children, no significant differences were found in AL (P = 0.304), SE (P = 0.200), or weight (P = 0.292), but significant differences were observed in horizontal corneal curvature (P = 0.040), vertical corneal curvature (P = 0.015), and height (P < 0.001) from 2013 to 2019. Multivariate analyses revealed that AL was mainly significantly associated with boys and time outdoors in the 4- and 5-year-old children. Conclusions The AL of 4- and 5-year-old children remained relatively stable in Shanghai from 2013 to 2019. Longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the relationship between AL elongation and environmental risk factors.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Time trend of axial length and associated factors in 4- and 5-year-old children in Shanghai from 2013 to 2019

Wan

Yao

et al. 2020

Int Ophthalmol

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“…A limiting factor in our study was our use of manifest (noncycloplegic) refraction data. Zhang et al [39] and Fotouhi et al [9] both reported that dioptric astigmatism measured in children who consented to cycloplegia was similar to that measured in those who refused consent ( P =0.248; P =0.296). However, obtaining refractive error in the absence of cycloplegia may overestimate myopic power and underestimate hyperopia [40].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Simultaneous Changes in Astigmatism with Noncycloplegia Refraction and Ocular Biometry in Chinese Primary Schoolchildren

Lin

Jiang

et al. 2019

Journal of Ophthalmology

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Purpose. To assess the changing profile of astigmatism in Chinese schoolchildren and the association between astigmatism changes and ocular biometry. Methods. We examined and followed up 1,463 children aged 6–9 years from Wenzhou, China. We measured noncycloplegic refraction twice each year and tested axial length (AL) and corneal radius of curvature (CRC) annually for two years. We defined clinically significant astigmatism (CSA) as ≤−0.75 diopter (D) and non-CSA astigmatism as ≤0 to >−0.75 D. Results. Prevalence of CSA at baseline was 22.4% (n = 327) and decreased to 20.3% (n = 297) at the two-year follow-up (P=0.046). Ninety-two (8.1%) non-CSA children developed CSA. In multiple regression, after adjusting for age, gender, baseline cylinder refraction, and axis, children who had longer baseline ALs (>23.58 mm; odds ratio (OR) = 5.19, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.72–9.90) and longer baseline AL/CRC ratio (>2.99, OR = 4.99, 95% CI: 2.37–10.51) were more likely to develop CSA after two years. Four-hundred and two (27.5%) children had increased astigmatism, 783 (53.5%) had decreased, and 278 (19.0%) had no change during the two-year follow-up. Children with increased astigmatism had longer baseline ALs (23.33 mm, P<0.001), higher AL/CRC ratios (2.99 mm, P<0.001), and more negative spherical equivalent refraction (SER) (−0.63 D, P<0.001) compared with the decreased and no astigmatism change subgroups. Also, children in the increased astigmatism subgroup had more AL growth (0.68 mm, P<0.001), higher increases in AL/CRC ratio (0.08, P<0.001), and more negative SER change (−0.86 D, P<0.001) compared with the decreased and no astigmatism change subgroups. Conclusions. The prevalence of astigmatism decreased slightly over the two-year study period. Longer ALs and higher AL/CRC ratios were independent risk factors for developing CSA. Increased astigmatism was associated with AL growth, AL/CRC ratio increases, and the development of myopia. This trial is registered with ChiCTR1800019915.

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“…Astigmatism is a common visual problem resulting from the unequal meridional curvatures of one or more refractive surfaces of the eye (cornea and/or lens), leading to blurred vision at all distances if not corrected [1,2]. The prevalence of astigmatism in Chinese preschool children from Shanghai has been noted to be generally higher (ranging from 5.8% to 19.8% in children aged three to six years) [3], than that reported in Western countries (ranging from 7.6% to 8.1% in the Multiethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study (MEPEDS) and the Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Study (BPEDS) of children aged two to six years) [4]. High degrees of astigmatism in early life can induce meridional amblyopia [5,6], it is associated with the development of myopia [5,7,8] and thus impacts normal visual development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations between Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Early Life and Astigmatism among Chinese Preschool Children

Yang

Schmid

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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This study aimed to investigate the association between environmental exposure to tobacco smoke (ETS) during early life and astigmatism in Chinese preschool children. In this cross-sectional study, information concerning prenatal and postnatal ETS exposure at three stages of early life (during pregnancy, from birth to one year and from one to three years), visual problems of children and parents (including a confirmed diagnosis of astigmatism), socio-demographics and perinatal characteristics were obtained from 27,890 parent-reported questionnaires. Logistic regression analyses were undertaken to yield adjusted odds ratios (OR) for assessing their associations. After adjusting for the potential confounders, children were more likely to exhibit astigmatism when they were exposed to ETS during pregnancy + from one to three years [OR (95% CI) = 1.37 (1.02, 1.84)], or from birth to one year + from one to three years [OR (95% CI) = 1.36 (1.11, 1.66)], or during pregnancy + from birth to one year + from one to three years old [OR (95% CI) = 1.29 (1.16, 1.45)], compared to children without ETS exposure at any stage of early life. In Chinese preschool children, prenatal and postnatal astigmatism was associated with ETS exposure; the greater the ETS dose, the greater the astigmatism risk.

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Refraction and Ocular Biometry of Preschool Children in Shanghai, China

Cited by 28 publications

References 46 publications

Time trend of axial length and associated factors in 4- and 5-year-old children in Shanghai from 2013 to 2019

Time trend of axial length and associated factors in 4- and 5-year-old children in Shanghai from 2013 to 2019

Simultaneous Changes in Astigmatism with Noncycloplegia Refraction and Ocular Biometry in Chinese Primary Schoolchildren

Associations between Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Early Life and Astigmatism among Chinese Preschool Children

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