Abstract:REFLEXIONES PaRa avaNzaR EN LOS EStudIOS dEL PERíOdO aRcaIcO EN LOS aNdES cENtRO-SuR 1
ThoughTs on moving forward ofLos autores identifican los problemas de investigación del Período Arcaico (10.000-3.400 a.p.) en la zona Centro-Sur de los Andes, para sugerir las prioridades que se deben tomar en cuenta para la realización de futuros estudios arqueológicos en la región. Varios temas arqueológicos aún permanecen inconclusos: (1) Los orígenes de los primeros habitantes de los Andes Centro-Sur. ¿Por dónde llegaro… Show more
“…The samples come from 12 funerary sites excavated on the coast of Arica, in northern Chile (Figure ) and cover a chronology of about six thousand years, which encompasses the Early (10,000–8,000 cal yr BP), Middle (8,000–6,000 cal yr BP), and Late (6,000–4,000 cal yr BP) Archaic periods (Aldenderfer & Flores Blanco, ; Núñez, ). We analyzed 262 individuals of which 136 are adults (>17 years) and 126 subadults (<17 years; Table ).…”
Objectives: This article addresses evidence of violence imbedded in both soft and hard tissues from early populations of hunters, fishermen, and gatherers, known as the Chinchorro culture, who lived between 10,000 and 4,000 cal yr BP, along the coast of the Atacama Desert, one of the driest environments on Earth. Our study is aimed to test two hypotheses (a) that interactions and violent behaviors increased through time as population density and social complexity augmented; and (b) that violence was more prevalent between local Chinchorro groups and groups from other inland locations. Material and Methods: Two lines of data were analyzed: (1) bioarchaeology, through the quantification of physical traces of interpersonal violence in skeletons and mummies from a sample of 136 adult individuals and, (2) isotopic chemical analysis (strontium) of individuals with traces of trauma in order to determine their local or foreign origin. Results: Violence among Chinchorro populations was ubiquitous and remained invariant over time, with a remarkable skew to male (about 25% above female across the complete sample). Moreover, the chemical signature of individuals with traces of violence was not of foreign origin.Discussion: The violence exerted by the Chinchorro groups was not related to increased population size, nor social complexity and was mostly restricted to individuals coming from the same coastal habitat. That is, our data suggest that violence was constant across the Archaic period among the Chinchorro, implying that violent behavior was part of the sociocultural repertory of these populations, likely associated to mechanisms to resolve conflicts and social tensions. K E Y W O R D S archaic populations, Atacama Desert, Chinchorro culture, violence, Strontium isotopes
“…The samples come from 12 funerary sites excavated on the coast of Arica, in northern Chile (Figure ) and cover a chronology of about six thousand years, which encompasses the Early (10,000–8,000 cal yr BP), Middle (8,000–6,000 cal yr BP), and Late (6,000–4,000 cal yr BP) Archaic periods (Aldenderfer & Flores Blanco, ; Núñez, ). We analyzed 262 individuals of which 136 are adults (>17 years) and 126 subadults (<17 years; Table ).…”
Objectives: This article addresses evidence of violence imbedded in both soft and hard tissues from early populations of hunters, fishermen, and gatherers, known as the Chinchorro culture, who lived between 10,000 and 4,000 cal yr BP, along the coast of the Atacama Desert, one of the driest environments on Earth. Our study is aimed to test two hypotheses (a) that interactions and violent behaviors increased through time as population density and social complexity augmented; and (b) that violence was more prevalent between local Chinchorro groups and groups from other inland locations. Material and Methods: Two lines of data were analyzed: (1) bioarchaeology, through the quantification of physical traces of interpersonal violence in skeletons and mummies from a sample of 136 adult individuals and, (2) isotopic chemical analysis (strontium) of individuals with traces of trauma in order to determine their local or foreign origin. Results: Violence among Chinchorro populations was ubiquitous and remained invariant over time, with a remarkable skew to male (about 25% above female across the complete sample). Moreover, the chemical signature of individuals with traces of violence was not of foreign origin.Discussion: The violence exerted by the Chinchorro groups was not related to increased population size, nor social complexity and was mostly restricted to individuals coming from the same coastal habitat. That is, our data suggest that violence was constant across the Archaic period among the Chinchorro, implying that violent behavior was part of the sociocultural repertory of these populations, likely associated to mechanisms to resolve conflicts and social tensions. K E Y W O R D S archaic populations, Atacama Desert, Chinchorro culture, violence, Strontium isotopes
“…More-limited research pushes incipient forms of residential sedentism and resource intensification into the Terminal Archaic period, sometime between 5000 and 3500 cal BP. The presence of pit houses, storage pits, groundstone and exotic goods, along with an absence of ceramic technology and masonry architecture has led Mark Aldenderfer and colleagues to characterise the Titicaca Basin Terminal Archaic period as one of low-level food production and incipient social complexity (Aldenderfer et al 2008; Aldenderfer & Flores Blanco 2011; Craig 2011: 385). Figure 1. Chronological and geographical context of Soro Mik’aya Patjxa (SMP) and other sites discussed in the text; map projection: UTM19S (WGS 84).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Faunal data reveal Archaic consumption of wild ungulates with increasing reliance on neonates and low-utility parts of camelids, which points to intensified camelid use over time (Aldenderfer 1989a: 122; Aldenderfer 1989b: 146–47). Beyond population growth and possible camelid intensification, we currently can say little more about how the last hunter-gatherers in the Titicaca Basin precipitated early sedentism and food production in the subsequent Terminal Archaic and Early Formative periods (see also Bandy 2006: 214–16; Aldenderfer & Flores Blanco 2011).…”
“…Elevations range from approximately 3830 to 3900 masl with adjacent mountains to 4600 masl. In a 41-km 2 sample area of the Ilave Basin, Aldenderfer and colleagues recorded 90 archaeological sites with Archaic Period hunter-gatherer artifacts [ 45 ]. In addition, the first author revisited 24 of those sites and recorded 6 new sites.…”
Settlement size predicts extreme variation in the rates and magnitudes of many social and ecological processes in human societies. Yet, the factors that drive human settlement-size variation remain poorly understood. Size variation among economically integrated settlements tends to be heavy tailed such that the smallest settlements are extremely common and the largest settlements extremely large and rare. The upper tail of this size distribution is often formalized mathematically as a power-law function. Explanations for this scaling structure in human settlement systems tend to emphasize complex socioeconomic processes including agriculture, manufacturing, and warfare—behaviors that tend to differentially nucleate and disperse populations hierarchically among settlements. But, the degree to which heavy-tailed settlement-size variation requires such complex behaviors remains unclear. By examining the settlement patterns of eight prehistoric New World hunter-gatherer settlement systems spanning three distinct environmental contexts, this analysis explores the degree to which heavy-tailed settlement-size scaling depends on the aforementioned socioeconomic complexities. Surprisingly, the analysis finds that power-law models offer plausible and parsimonious statistical descriptions of prehistoric hunter-gatherer settlement-size variation. This finding reveals that incipient forms of hierarchical settlement structure may have preceded socioeconomic complexity in human societies and points to a need for additional research to explicate how mobile foragers came to exhibit settlement patterns that are more commonly associated with hierarchical organization. We propose that hunter-gatherer mobility with preferential attachment to previously occupied locations may account for the observed structure in site-size variation.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
