Reflectivity, Ice Scattering, and Lightning Characteristics of Hurricane Eyewalls and Rainbands. Part I: Quantitative Description

Cecil, Daniel J.; Zipser, Edward J.; Nesbitt, Stephen W.

doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<0769:risalc>2.0.co;2

Cited by 161 publications

(213 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…In summer, the height of the maximum rainfall rate is about 3.75 km, 2.5 km, 3.5 km and 2.5 km, over midlatitude land, midlatitude ocean, tropical land and tropical ocean, respectively. A similar result has been found by Cecil et al (2002) for tropical continental convections. Below the level of the maximum rainfall rate, the tendency of a decrease in rainfall rate toward the surface indicates a possibility of raindrop evaporation in the low atmosphere.…”

Section: Vertical Precipitation Profilessupporting

confidence: 89%

Precipitation Characteristics in Mid-Latitude East Asia as Observed by TRMM PR and TMI

Liu

2003

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

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Precipitation radar and microwave radiometer data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite during the spring and summer months of 1998 are used to study the precipitation characteristics in the mid-latitude East Asia region (20 -40 N, 100 -140 E), with particular emphasis on comparing the differences between stratiform and convective rains, and between rains during spring and summer. The characteristics in the mid-latitude are also compared with those in the tropics. The two-season mean results for the mid-latitudes show that the mean rainfall rate for stratiform clouds is @2 mm h À1 , at least 6 times lower than its convective counterpart. The mean convective rainfall rate is higher over land than over ocean, and higher in the mid-latitude than in the tropics. Generally, convective clouds generate more rain total for both mid-latitudes and tropics although they cover less area than stratiform clouds. Comparing between mid-latitude and tropical regions, the contribution of stratiform rains is larger in the mid-latitudes than in the tropics.There are distinct differences between stratiform and convective precipitation profiles, as well as noticeable seasonal variations of these profiles. The mean vertical profiles showed that stratiform rains have a quasi-constant rainfall rate below freezing level and a sharp drop-off above. Convective profiles, on the other hand, often have a maximum rainfall rate somewhere below the freezing level. Above the freezing level, precipitation layer for convective rains is thicker than for stratiform rains. For convective rains, significant differences are found between profiles over land and ocean, with a significant deeper layer for land convections given the same surface rainfall rate. Consistently, microwave scattering signature over land, expressed by polarization-corrected temperature at 85 GHz, is nearly twice as strong as that over ocean for the same surface rainfall rate. Precipitation profiles are similar in shape and depth between mid-latitude and tropical regions during summer when the freezing level heights are also similar between the two regions. However, compared to being no noticeable variation in the tropics during a year, there is a significant seasonal change for the precipitation profiles in mid-latitudes. The seasonal difference of precipitation profiles arises from the deeper precipitation layer in the summer than in Corresponding Author: Guosheng Liu, Department of Meteorology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4520, USA. E-mail: liug@met.fsu.edu ( 2003, Meteorological Society of Japan the spring for a given surface rainfall rate, being in consistent with the seasonal variation of the freezing level height. This change in precipitation depth applies to both stratiform and convective rains, and to rains over both land and ocean. It should be mentioned that all the aforementioned results, except for the 85 GHz scattering signature, are derived from TRMM precipitation radar data.

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Section: Vertical Precipitation Profilessupporting

confidence: 89%

Precipitation Characteristics in Mid-Latitude East Asia as Observed by TRMM PR and TMI

Liu

2003

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

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“…Because of morphological structure, those bursts of backscattered radar are termed explosive spread-F and are associated to plasma irregularities at altitudes near 250 km. Woodman and Kudeki (1984) and Kelley et al (1984) Cecil et al (2002) investigate lightning characteristics of hurricane eyewalls and rainbands and find that the outer rainband region produces more lightning, a similar feature also reported by Khain et al (2008), claiming that intense and persistent lightning takes place within a 250-300 km radius ring around the hurricane center. While investigating tornadoes and hailstorms, MacGorman and Burgess (1994) conclude that positive ground flashes can dominate in some severe storms for periods ranging from 30 min to several hours despite negative ground flashes usually dominate cloud-to-ground lightning activity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

A Review of Low Frequency Electromagnetic Wave Phenomena Related to Tropospheric-Ionospheric Coupling Mechanisms

Simões¹,

Pfaff²,

Berthelier³

et al. 2011

Dynamic Coupling Between Earth’s Atmospheric and Plasma Environments

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Investigation of coupling mechanisms between the troposphere and the ionosphere requires a multidisciplinary approach involving several branches of atmospheric sciences, from meteorology, atmospheric chemistry, and fulminology to aeronomy, plasma physics, and space weather. In this work, we review low frequency electromagnetic wave propagation in the Earthionosphere cavity from a troposphere-ionosphere coupling perspective. We discuss electromagnetic wave generation, propagation, and resonance phenomena, considering atmospheric, ionospheric and magnetospheric sources, from lightning and transient luminous events at low altitude to Alfven waves and particle precipitation related to solar and magnetospheric processes. We review in situ ionospheric processes as well as surface and space weather phenomena that drive troposphere-ionosphere dynamics. Effects of aerosols, water vapor distribution, thermodynamic parameters, and cloud charge separation and electrification processes on atmospheric electricity and electromagnetic waves are reviewed. We also briefly revisit ionospheric irregularities such as spread-F and explosive spread-F, sporadic-E, traveling ionospheric disturbances, Trimpi effect, and hiss and plasma turbulence. Regarding the role of the lower boundary of the cavity, we review transient surface phenomena, including seismic activity, earthquakes, volcanic processes and dust electrification. The role of surface and https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20120011991 2019-03-25T00:54:44+00:00Z atmospheric gravity waves in ionospheric dynamics is also briefly addressed. We summarize analytical and numerical tools and techniques to model low frequency electromagnetic wave propagation and solving inverse problems and summarize in a final section a few challenging subjects that are important for a better understanding of tropospheric-ionospheric coupling mechanisms.

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“…The motivation for the orbit divisions has been described by Cecil et al [2002], and the manual division of subregions was performed by Jiang et al [2012] for the 12-year TCPF database. Further details and an example have been detailed by Jiang et al [2012].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of TRMM precipitation radar and microwave imager rainfall retrievals in tropical cyclone inner cores and rainbands

Zagrodnik

Jiang

2013

JGR Atmospheres

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[1] Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) rainfall retrieval algorithms are evaluated in tropical cyclone (TC) inner cores (IC), inner bands (IB), and outer rainbands (OB). In total, 1329 IC, 2149 IB, and 4627 OB storm regions are analyzed using data from a 12-year TRMM Tropical Cyclone Precipitation Feature (TCPF) database containing 1013 TCs viewed from December 1997 to December 2009. Attention is focused on the difference between the Precipitation Radar (PR) 2A25 and the TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) 2A12 rainfall algorithms. The PR 2A25 produces larger mean rain rates than the TMI 2A12 in inner cores and inner bands, with the greatest difference occurring in hurricanes. This discrepancy is caused mostly by the TMI 2A12 significantly underestimating regions of moderate to heavy rain >15 mm hour À1 or when the PR reflectivity is greater than 30 dBZ. The TMI 2A12 rain rates are most closely related to the percentage coverage of 85 GHz polarization-corrected brightness temperature (PCT) <225 K in the IC and 85 GHz PCT <250 K in the IB and OB. These convective parameters are good predictors of the mean TMI 2A12 rain rate, but significant ice scattering is not always present in areas of heavy rain that are often widespread in TC inner regions. As a result, the TMI 2A12 algorithm may poorly measure the rain rate, particularly in the inner core of hurricanes.Citation: Zagrodnik, J. P., and H. Jiang (2013), Comparison of TRMM precipitation radar and microwave imager rainfall retrievals in tropical cyclone inner cores and rainbands,

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Reflectivity, Ice Scattering, and Lightning Characteristics of Hurricane Eyewalls and Rainbands. Part I: Quantitative Description

Cited by 161 publications

References 46 publications

Precipitation Characteristics in Mid-Latitude East Asia as Observed by TRMM PR and TMI

Precipitation Characteristics in Mid-Latitude East Asia as Observed by TRMM PR and TMI

A Review of Low Frequency Electromagnetic Wave Phenomena Related to Tropospheric-Ionospheric Coupling Mechanisms

Comparison of TRMM precipitation radar and microwave imager rainfall retrievals in tropical cyclone inner cores and rainbands

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