Refining measures of adventure recreation involvement

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to further our understanding of adventure recreation by expanding on the work of Ewert and Hollenhorst (1989). In this study, level of enduring involvement of Whitewater kayaking participants was the dependent variable, frequency of participation, skill level, experience, social orientation, environmental preference, psychological outcomes, perceived risk, locus of control, and sensation seeking were the independent variables. The level of enduring involvement was predicted by skill level, psychological outcomes, gender, frequency of participation, and perceived risk. This article relates development of measures and operationalization of variables. These findings have implications for developing future adventure recreation behavior models and for understanding the social and psychological aspects of Whitewater kayaking.

Involvement and Loyalty in Recreation Swimming in Greece: Investigating Relationships Involvement and Loyalty in Recreation Swimming in Greece: Investigating Relationships

“…Havitz and Dimanche (1999) supported that only limited research existed between involvement and demographic variables. Schuett (1993) suggested that female kayakers experience more enduring involvement than male kayakers. More recently the study of Wiley et al, (2000) examined and compared the leisure involvement profiles of female and male participants in "conforming" (gender-appropriate) and "nonconforming" (gender-inappropriate) activities.…”

“…It should be noted that those two segments were the only markets (of six total) which had above average scores on at least three of the four involvement dimensions examined in that study. Schuett (1993) reported that frequency of participation or the number of days kayaking showed that as the number of days kayaking increased, enduring involvement increased. Park (1996) found that adult fitness participants' levels of involvement positively influenced both intensity of participation and frequency of participation, but that length of participation was not related to level of involvement.…”

Proceedings of the 2002 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium

“…While motivational factors have predominantly been used to predict the reason people participate in risk recreation , non-motivational factors that include past experience & skill level (Ewert, 1985;Schuett, 1993;Todd, Graefe & Mann, 2002), group type (Ewert, 1993) and enduring involvement (Ewert & Hollenhorst, 1989;McIntyre, 1992;Robinson, 1992;Schuett, 1993) have also been examined as. these variables are associated with influencing motivations to participate.…”

The risk handling behaviour of white water kayakers.

“…This phenomenon has prompted a variety of research studies by those involved in recreation seeking to increase the understanding of the complex nature of risk recreation and the factors which influence the enduring involvement of participants (Ewert, 1994;Ewert & Hollenhorst, 1989;Robinson, 1992;Schuett, 1991;1993;. From the adventure recreation perspective, risk is defined as a variety of self-initiated activities, which generally occur in natural environment settings, and which due to their always uncertain and potentially harmful nature, provide the opportunity for intense cognitive and affective involvement (Ewert & Hollenhorst, 1989;Robinson, 1992).…”