Refinement of the grain structure of additive manufactured titanium alloys via epitaxial recrystallization enabled by rapid heat treatment

Zou, Zhiyi; Simonelli, Marco; Katrib, Juliano; Dimitrakis, Georgios; Hague, Richard

doi:10.1016/j.scriptamat.2020.01.027

Cited by 79 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Sequential layers produced by single, or multiple, melt tracks are deposited on top of one another to build up a component [10]. In most Ti alloys, without substantial modification of the deposition conditions [11][12][13][14], this results in solidification occurring by epitaxial growth from the fusion boundary with the re-melted neighbouring tracks, where the β grains re-form on heating above the transus temperature in each deposition cycle. This results in solidification structures consisting of large columnar β grains with a common <100> direction aligned closely to the build direction [9,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The potential for grain refinement of Wire-Arc Additive Manufactured (WAAM) Ti-6Al-4V by ZrN and TiN inoculation

Kennedy

Davis

Caballero

et al. 2021

Additive Manufacturing

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The potential for grain refinement of Wire-Arc Additive Manufactured (WAAM) Ti-6Al-4V by ZrN and TiN inoculation

Kennedy

Davis

Caballero

et al. 2021

Additive Manufacturing

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“…Thus, some materials may not be applicable to the LPBF process. Recently, there has been much research on the LPBF of steels [6][7][8][9], nickel-based superalloys [4,5], titanium alloys [10,11], and aluminum alloys [12,13]. Another method similar to LPBF is electron beam melting (EBM) [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure Evolution, Mechanical Properties and Deformation Behavior of an Additively Manufactured Maraging Steel

Chadha

Tian²,

Bocher

et al. 2020

Materials

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In this work, the microstructure and mechanical properties of an additively manufactured X3NiCoMoTi18-9-5 maraging steel were determined. Optical and electron microscopies revealed the formation of melt pool boundaries and epitaxial grain growth with cellular dendritic structures after the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process. The cooling rate is estimated to be around 106 °C/s during solidification, which eliminates the nucleation of any precipitates. However, it allows the formation of austenite with a volume fraction of about 5% and dendritic structures with primary arm spacing of 0.41 ± 0.23 µm. The electron backscatter diffraction analysis showed the formation of elongated grains with significant low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs). Then, a solutionizing treatment was applied to the as-printed samples to dissolve all the secondary phases, followed by aging treatment. The reverted austenite was evident after heat treatment, which transformed into martensite after tensile testing. The critical plastic stresses for this transformation were determined using the double differentiation method. The tensile strength of the alloy increased from 1214 MPa to 2106 MPa after the aging process due to the formation of eta phase. The experimental data were complemented with thermodynamic and mechanical properties simulations, which showed a discrepancy of less than 3%.

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“…Additive manufacturing is also called as three-dimensional (3D) printing and is different from traditional subtractive (cutting) processing technologies as it uses a 3D data model of the parts [1][2][3][4]. Based on the principle of discrete layering or stacking, different heat sources (laser beam, ion beam, electron beam, arc, ultraviolet light, etc.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wire Arc Additive Manufactured CuMn13Al7 High-Manganese Aluminium Bronze

Guo

Hu²,

Wei³

et al. 2022

Chin. J. Mech. Eng.

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In this work, high-manganese aluminium bronze CuMn13Al7 samples were prepared by arc additive manufacturing technology. The phase composition, microstructure, and crystal structure of the high-manganese aluminium bronze CuMn13Al7 arc additive manufactured samples were analysed using direct-reading spectrometer, metallographic microscope, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope. The micro-hardness tester, tensile tester, impact tester, and electrochemical workstation were also used to test the performance of the CuMn13Al7 samples. By studying the microstructure and properties of the CuMn13Al7 samples, it was found that preparation of the samples by the arc additive manufacturing technology ensured good forming quality, almost no defects, and good metallurgical bonding inside the sample. The metallographic structure (α + β + point phase) mainly comprises the following: the metallographic structure in the equiaxed grain region has an obvious grain boundary α; the metallographic structure in the remelting region has no obvious grain boundary α; the thermal influence on the metallographic structure produced a weaker grain boundary α than the equiaxed grain region. The transverse and longitudinal cross sections of the sample had uniform microhardness distributions, and the average microhardness values were 190.5 HV0.1 and 192.7 HV0.1, respectively. The sample also had excellent mechanical properties: yield strength of 301 MPa, tensile strength of 633 MPa, elongation of 43.5%, reduction of area by 58%, Charpy impact value of 68 J/cm2 at – 20 ℃, and dynamic potential polarisation curve test results. Further, it was shown that the average corrosion potential of the sample was – 284.5 mV, and the average corrosion current density was 4.1×10–3 mA/cm2.

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Refinement of the grain structure of additive manufactured titanium alloys via epitaxial recrystallization enabled by rapid heat treatment

Cited by 79 publications

References 13 publications

The potential for grain refinement of Wire-Arc Additive Manufactured (WAAM) Ti-6Al-4V by ZrN and TiN inoculation

The potential for grain refinement of Wire-Arc Additive Manufactured (WAAM) Ti-6Al-4V by ZrN and TiN inoculation

Microstructure Evolution, Mechanical Properties and Deformation Behavior of an Additively Manufactured Maraging Steel

Wire Arc Additive Manufactured CuMn13Al7 High-Manganese Aluminium Bronze

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