Reference Values for The Triglyceride to High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio and Non-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Korean Children and Adolescents: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2007-2013

Abstract

Aim: Cholesterol levels vary throughout childhood and adolescence. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and identify age- and gender-specific reference values for serum lipid concentrations including non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) and the triglyceride to HDL-C ratio (TG/HDL-C ratio) in apparently healthy Korean children and adolescents.Methods: A total of 6197 participants aged 10 to 19 years old from the 2007–2013 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. Serum lipid concentrations were evaluated according to age and gender.Results: The overall mean concentration of non-HDL-C was 105.5 ± 25.6 mg/dL, with a significant gender difference: 103.3 ± 26.1 mg/dL in boys and 107.9 ± 24.7 mg/dL in girls (p = 0.028). The median values of non-HDL-C concentrations in boys and girls, respectively, were 111 and 112 mg/dL in the 10-year-old age group, 95 and 103 mg/dL in the 15-year-old age group, and 109 and 103 mg/dL in the 19-year-old age group. The overall mean TG/HDL-C ratio was 1.74 ± 1.22, and there were no significant gender differences: 1.77 ± 1.25 in boys and 1.72 ± 1.22 in girls (p = 0.183). The median values of the TG/HDL-C ratio in boys and girls were 1.16 and 1.00 in the 10-year-olds, 1.54 and 0.95 in the 15-year-olds, and 1.74 and 0.84 in the 19-year-olds, respectively.Conclusions: Age- and gender-specific reference values for non-HDL-C and for the TG/HDL-C ratio in children and adolescents could provide valuable information for individualized interpretations of lipid profiles and interventions as well as for strategies to prevent and manage childhood and adolescent dyslipidemia.

Reference values for lipid profile in Iranian children and adolescents: the CASPIAN-V study

“…In this regard, TG and TG/HDL-C in both genders and TC in girls increased with age in our study. In a study in Korean children, TG/HDL-C ratio increased with age in boys and decreased with age in girls [20]. In another study on 2141 Danish/North-European children and adolescents aged 6-19 years old, non-HDL-C levels decreased with age in boys [21].…”

“…Taking together, it is recommended to define the age and sex specific thresholds for evaluating lipid profile in the pediatric age group, especially among children and adolescents who are at risk of CVDs. In addition, it should be considered that factors such as ethnicity, nationality, dietary regimen, physical activity, hormonal status, environmental factors, and socioeconomic status can influence lipid profile in children [20,23]. Therefore, establishing national references for lipid parameters should be encouraged.…”

Association of Non-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol with Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Korean Children and Adolescents: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2008 - 2014

“…With the exception of US guidelines, other guidelines do not recommend non-HDL-C for dyslipidemia screening in children and adolescents. However, recent reports from Korea and Japan demonstrated the distribution of non-HDL-C in children and adolescents [17,18]. In another Japanese study, the mean concentration of non-HDL-C was 112.9 mg/dL in boys with abdominal obesity, 135.4 mg/dL in boys with pre-MetS (abdominal obesity plus one component of MetS), and 149.0 mg / dL in boys with MetS [19].…”

Macrophage-Based Therapies for Atherosclerosis Management

“…Nod-like receptor protein (NLRP3) inflammasome is closely related to the autophagy of AS and can be activated by the cholesterol crystals in plaques to promote the secretion of IL-1β, thus accelerating the development of AS [36]. Further, autophagy plays various roles in negatively regulating the activation of inflammasome, such as removing inflammasome-activating endogenous signals and isolating and degrading inflammasome components [37]. Autophagy removes the damaged mitochondria, reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production under stress, inhibits the activation of NLRP3, and even regulates NLRP3 activity by capturing and degrading the assembly of inflammasome complexes through the corresponding ubiquitination [38].…”