Reference ranges of matrix metalloproteinase-1, -2, -9 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 concentrations in amniotic fluid in physiological pregnancy

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine reference values of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), MMP-2, MMP-9 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) in the amniotic fluid at the first stage of labor in physiological pregnancy. 89 women at the first stage of term labor have been examined. Samples of amniotic fluid were taken at the first period of labor by vaginal amniotomy. Concentrations ofMMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 were investigated in amniotic fluid by ELISA kits. We have determined normal concentration ranges for MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and ratios of concentrations of MMPs and TIMP-1 (MMP-1/TIMP-1, MMP-2/TIMP-1, MMP-9/TIMP-1) in the amniotic fluid at the first period of labor in physiological pregnancy. These included: MMP-1 - 5.1-16.8 pg/mg of protein, MMP-2 - 238.3-374.1 pg/mg of protein, MMP-9 - 66.1-113.3 pg/mg of protein, TIMP-1 - 4.7-13.6 pg/mg of protein, ratio of MMP-1/TIMP-1 - 0.1-2.2, ratio of MMP-2/TIMP-1 - 19.9-55.7, ratio of MMP-9/TIMP-1 - 4.2-17.2.

Regulatory Considerations of Orthobiologic Procedures

“…The cells contain antiinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1RA and IL-10 in addition to factors that upregulate anabolic pathways such as epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor. 32,33 The cells and fluid also upregulate tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase, which can halt the progression of certain disease processes 34,35 and contain hyaluronic acid and proteoglycans for lubrication and reduction of shear forces. 36,37 It should be noted that on delivery and injection of the cells per the manufacturer's suggestions, there are no actual live cellular products.…”