Reduction in cryptosporidiosis associated with introduction of enhanced filtration of drinking water at Loch Katrine, Scotland

Pollock, Kevin; Young, David; Robertson, Chris; Ahmed, S.; Ramsay, Colin N.

doi:10.1017/s0950268813000678

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…A large outbreak of cryptosporidiosis that occurred in Scotland in 2000 was associated with drinking water supplied from Loch Katrine and the catchment area surrounding the loch had a large sheep and cattle population. Livestock were removed from the area by the water authorities as a precaution and a rapid gravity filtration system was introduced, which successfully reduced the Cryptosporidium oocysts from the finished water [62]. An important example of health authorities working together with farmers to help protect water catchments is one of the largest water supply systems in the USA, providing over 9 million people in the New York City area with 4.5 billion litres daily from a single source of unfiltered water.…”

Section: Protecting Water Catchments From Contaminated Livestock Faecesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A One Health Approach to Tackle Cryptosporidiosis

Innes

Chalmers

Wells

et al. 2020

Trends in Parasitology

142

103

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Section: Protecting Water Catchments From Contaminated Livestock Faecesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A One Health Approach to Tackle Cryptosporidiosis

Innes

Chalmers

Wells

et al. 2020

Trends in Parasitology

142

103

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“…Only one study from Scotland reported on the use of enhanced filtration of drinking water as an intervention for cryptosporidiosis, where the incidence of cryptosporidiosis was associated with unfiltered water supply to homes (OR 1.86) [ 79 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Community-level interventions for mitigating the risk of waterborne diarrheal diseases: a systematic review

2022

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Background Waterborne diarrhea diseases are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally. These diseases can be mitigated by implementing various interventions. We reviewed the literature to identify available interventions to mitigate the risk of waterborne diarrheal diseases. Methods We conducted a systematic database review of CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), PubMed, Web of Science Core Collection, Cochrane library, Scopus, African Index Medicus (AIM), and LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature). Our search was limited to articles published between 2009 and 2020. We conducted the review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement checklist. The identified studies were qualitatively synthesized. Results Our initial search returned 28 773 articles of which 56 studies met the inclusion criteria. The included studies reported interventions, including vaccines for rotavirus disease (monovalent, pentavalent, and Lanzhou lamb vaccine); enhanced water filtration for preventing cryptosporidiosis, Vi polysaccharide for typhoid; cholera 2-dose vaccines, water supply, water treatment and safe storage, household disinfection, and hygiene promotion for controlling cholera outbreaks. Conclusion We retrieved few studies on interventions against waterborne diarrheal diseases in low-income countries. Interventions must be specific to each type of waterborne diarrheal disease to be effective. Stakeholders must ensure collaboration in providing and implementing multiple interventions for the best outcomes. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42020190411.

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“…Our included papers investigated water exposures most frequently despite evidence that in industrialised countries in recent years, drinking treated mains water is unlikely to cause a significant amount of sporadic cryptosporidiosis (94,95). However, despite improved legislation for drinking water quality (80) deficiencies can persist and it is important to keep monitoring this pathway (96,97).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposures associated with sporadicCryptosporidiuminfection in industrialised countries: a systematic review

Shepherd

McKerr

Chalmers

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Transmission of Cryptosporidium can occur via contaminated food or water, contact with animals or other people. Exposures are often identified from outbreak investigations, but sources for sporadic disease and pathways to infection are still unclear. The aim of this review is to consolidate the literature to describe exposures associated with human cryptosporidiosis in industrialised countries. Methods followed the recommendations made in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Three steps were used to identify the literature including electronic database searching using PubMed, Scopus and Web Of Science; reference list trawling; and an exploration of the grey literature. Quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Screening of results was undertaken by two reviewers and data extracted using a standardised form. A narrative summary presented. Papers were included if they reported on sporadic cases and were published between 2008 and 2018. Exposures were grouped into pathways. After full-text screening, eight articles (comprising 11 studies) were included, and seven (comprising 10 studies) were suitable for further synthesis. None of the identified grey literature was included. Four studies described case-control methods, two were case-case studies and one cross-sectional. Study year ranged from 1999 to 2017 and the studies were conducted in five, large countries in three continents: Europe (UK and the Netherlands), North America (USA, Canada), and Australia. Included papers investigated water and animal exposures most frequently. Recreational water was not a major source of sporadic illness in this review. The person-to-person pathway represented the most consistent finding, with all three studies reporting on contact with a symptomatic individual demonstrating correlations between exposure and disease. This applied particularly to the home environment, which is increasingly understood to be a significant setting for spread of Cryptosporidium infection. Further work on this would help support public health messaging on preventing spread of disease at home.

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Reduction in cryptosporidiosis associated with introduction of enhanced filtration of drinking water at Loch Katrine, Scotland

Cited by 10 publications

References 29 publications

A One Health Approach to Tackle Cryptosporidiosis

A One Health Approach to Tackle Cryptosporidiosis

Community-level interventions for mitigating the risk of waterborne diarrheal diseases: a systematic review

Exposures associated with sporadicCryptosporidiuminfection in industrialised countries: a systematic review

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