A One Health Approach to Tackle Cryptosporidiosis

Innes, Elisabeth A.; Chalmers, Rachel M.; Wells, Beth; Pawlowic, Mattie C.

doi:10.1016/j.pt.2019.12.016

Cited by 125 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 89 publications

(110 reference statements)

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“…Despite the considerable improvement in public sanitation services, enteric infections caused by protozoan parasites remain a major risk to human and animal health as potential zoonotic pathogen. Among others, cryptosporidiosis is an enteric infection with worldwide distribution, particularly in countries with inadequate sewage treatment and poor water quality [ 11 , 42 , 43 ]. The lack of vaccines and effective drugs against the disease represents a significant limiting factor in disease control [ 42 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among others, cryptosporidiosis is an enteric infection with worldwide distribution, particularly in countries with inadequate sewage treatment and poor water quality [ 11 , 42 , 43 ]. The lack of vaccines and effective drugs against the disease represents a significant limiting factor in disease control [ 42 ]. Clearly, developing new drugs and vaccines that target parasites are urgently needed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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S-Methylcysteine (SMC) Ameliorates Intestinal, Hepatic, and Splenic Damage Induced by Cryptosporidium parvum Infection Via Targeting Inflammatory Modulators and Oxidative Stress in Swiss Albino Mice

et al. 2020

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Cryptosporidiosis has been proposed to be one of the major causes of diarrhoeal disease in humans worldwide that possesses zoonotic concern. Thereby, this study investigated the potential effects of s-Methylcysteine (SMC) on the parasite in vivo followed by the measurement of cytokines, oxidative stress parameters, and an investigation of the major histopathological changes. Sixty male Swiss albino mice weighing 20–25 g were allocated equally into five groups and orally administered saline only (control), SMC only (SMC50) (50 mg/kg b.w.), and 104Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts per mouse via an esophageal tube (C + ve untreated). The fourth and fifth groups (C + SMC25, C + SMC50) administrated 104C. parvum oocysts combined with SMC25 (low dose) and 50 (high dose) mg/kg b.w., respectively. At days 7 and 14 post-infection (PI), the feces was collected from each group in order to count C. parvum oocysts. After two weeks of treatment, the animals were euthanized and the serum was collected for biochemical analysis. Next, the intestinal, spleen, and liver sections were dissected for histopathological examination. The results revealed lower oocyst numbers in the C + SMC25 and C + SMC50 groups compared to the infected untreated group. Moreover, higher doses of SMC treatment significantly reduced the enteritis induced by C. parvum in a dose-dependent manner. The hepatic lesions were also mitigated as demonstrated in C + SMC25 and C + SMC50 groups unlike the infected group via lowering the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzymes and increasing albumin and globulin serum levels. SMC administration also reduced cytokines production (SAP, TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ) mediated by Cryptosporidium infection in contrast to the infected untreated group. There were marked lymphoid depletion and amyloidosis observed in the infected untreated group, while the treated groups showed obvious increase in the lymphoid elements. Moreover, the scoring of intestinal parasites, hepatic, and splenic lesions in the SMC-treated groups exhibited significantly lower pathological lesions in different organs in a dose-dependent manner, compared to the infected untreated group. Our results also revealed a significant change in the malondialdehyde content with an elevation of glutathione and superoxide dismutase in the intestines collected from C + SMC25 and C + SMC50 mice relative to the untreated group. Taken together, our results indicated that SMC could be a promising effective compound for treating and declining C. parvum infestation via restoring structural alterations in different tissues, enhancing antioxidant enzymes, and suppressing the cytokines liberation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

S-Methylcysteine (SMC) Ameliorates Intestinal, Hepatic, and Splenic Damage Induced by Cryptosporidium parvum Infection Via Targeting Inflammatory Modulators and Oxidative Stress in Swiss Albino Mice

et al. 2020

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“…Cryptosporidiosis is a significant diarrhoeal disease for both people and animals worldwide. Several species of the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium can cause this disease [1], in which Cryptosporidium oocysts have ubiquitous presence in the environment. Cryptosporidium oocysts transmission can occur following direct or indirect contact with an infected host usually via the faecal-oral route.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis: The Perspective from the Gulf Countries

Ahmed

Karanis

2020

IJERPH

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The present review discusses the burden of cryptosporidiosis in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), which is underreported and underestimated. It emphasizes that the Cryptosporidium parasite is infecting inhabitants and expatriates in the Gulf countries. Children under 5 years are a vulnerable group that is particularly affected by this parasitic disease and can act as carriers, who contribute to the epidemiology of the disease most probably via recreational swimming pools. Various risk factors for cryptosporidiosis in the GCC countries are present, including expatriates, predisposing populations to the infection. Water contamination, imported food, animal contact, and air transmission are also discussed in detail, to address their significant role as a source of infection and, thus, their impact on disease epidemiology in the Gulf countries’ populations.

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“…For example, Plasmodium species cause malaria affecting millions of people each year, emphasizing the need for effective drugs targeting parasites 1,2 . Cryptosporidium is a major cause of diarrhea in developing countries following infection from contaminated water supplies and there is currently no effective drug therapy 3,4 . Theileria species are bovine-specific pathogens that cause diseases with significant economic impact; Tropical Theileriosis kills over a million cattle per year and costs in the hundreds of millions of dollars.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When Theileria-infected cells are treated in vitro with Buparvaquone, the intracellular parasite diminishes in the host leukocytes, which loose the transformed phenotype, but drug-resistance in the field is an emerging concern for disease control. To achieve transformation, the parasite manipulates the host H3K18 methylation in Theileria parasites 4 cell signalling pathways that control cell proliferation and survival 5,6,8 . Several host signaling pathways have been implicated in Theilieria-induced transformation including metabolic pathways 9,10 , c-Jun Nterminal Kinase (JNK) signaling 11 and host nuclear factors, such as c-Myc, E2F and AP-1 [12][13][14][15] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic methylation of histone H3K18 in differentiating Theileria parasites

Cheeseman

Jannot

Lourenço

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Lysine methylation on histone tails impacts genome regulation and cell fate determination in many developmental processes. Apicomplexa intracellular parasites cause major diseases and they have developed complex life cycles with fine-tuned differentiation events. Yet, apicomplexa genomes have few transcription factors and little is known about their epigenetic control systems. Tick-borne Theileria apicomplexa species have relatively small compact genomes and a remarkable ability to transform leukocytes in their bovine hosts. Here we report enriched H3 lysine 18 monomethylation (H3K18me1) on the gene bodies of repressed genes in Theileria macroschizonts. Differentiation to merozoites (merogony) led to decreased H3K18me1 in parasite nuclei. Pharmacological manipulation of H3K18 acetylation or methylation impacted parasite differentiation and expression of stage-specific genes. Finally, we identified a parasite SET-domain methyltransferase (TaSETup1) that can methylate H3K18 and represses gene expression. Thus, H3K18me1 emerges as an important epigenetic mark which controls gene expression and stage differentiation in Theileria parasites.

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A One Health Approach to Tackle Cryptosporidiosis

Cited by 125 publications

References 89 publications

S-Methylcysteine (SMC) Ameliorates Intestinal, Hepatic, and Splenic Damage Induced by Cryptosporidium parvum Infection Via Targeting Inflammatory Modulators and Oxidative Stress in Swiss Albino Mice

S-Methylcysteine (SMC) Ameliorates Intestinal, Hepatic, and Splenic Damage Induced by Cryptosporidium parvum Infection Via Targeting Inflammatory Modulators and Oxidative Stress in Swiss Albino Mice

Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis: The Perspective from the Gulf Countries

Dynamic methylation of histone H3K18 in differentiating Theileria parasites

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