Reduction in Accommodative Response of Schoolchildren by a Double-Mirror System

Yeh, Shang-Min; Lo, Chen-Cheng; Lee, Chi−Hung; Chen, Yu-Jung; Lin, Feng-Chi; Huang, Shih-Jen

doi:10.3390/ijerph18199951

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…In addition, the stimulation of farsightedness can reduce eye fatigue and discomfort, and improve visual comfort, thus slowing down the development of myopia [18]. Lin and Yeh et al [19,20]conducted a double-mirror system on adults and children respectively. The device can extend the image from 0.4 m away to 2.28 m away by using one concave mirror and one convex mirror.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-term Effect of Distant-image Screen on Myopia Control in Children and Comparison with Tablet Computer

Zhang,

Guo,

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Background To evaluate the effect of distant-image screen on myopia prevention and control. Methods Cross-designed randomized controlled trial. A total of 40 children were recruited. The subjects were randomly assigned to single-vision spectacle (SVS) lenses group or defocus incorporated multiple segments (DIMS) lenses group.In each group, participants were randomly allocated to tablet computer group (TC)or distant-image screen (DIS)group, and exchanged after 3 to 7 days. Participants were asked to watch videos for 90 minutes. Outcomes including choroid thickness (ChT) were measured before and after watching video. A two-stage cross-design analysis of variance and linear mixed model (LMM)were used to analyze the effects. Results 40 children were recruited, with an average age of 10.58 ± 1.48 years and an average spherical equivalent error (SER) of -2.11 ± 1.09 diopter (D). There were no statistical difference in baseline data. For participants wearing SVS or DIMS ,there were no statistical difference in the change of accommodative microfluctuation (AM), accommodative lag (ACL), axial length (AL) ,visual acuity between the DIS group and TC group (P > 0.05). For participants wearing SVS, the changes in ChT measured at 1mm inferior to the fovea (P = 0.036) and 1mm from the temporal side to the fovea (P = 0.032) in the DIS group were higher than that in the TC group,however, for participants wearing DIMS, there was no statistical difference between DIS group and the TC group (P > 0.05). Results of LMM analysis showed that the combination of glasses type and screen type had an interactive effect on ChT measured at the fovea (P = 0.027), 1mm from the nasal side of the fovea (P = 0.038), and 1mm from the temporal side of the fovea (P = 0.026). Conclusion The distant-image screen helps reduce the ChT thinning during video watching, indicating it might have an effect on myopia prevention and control.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-term Effect of Distant-image Screen on Myopia Control in Children and Comparison with Tablet Computer

Zhang,

Guo,

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…Therefore, special physical activities designed under the guidance of ciliary-muscle regulation principle, can improve children's uncorrected distance visual acuity by promoting their kinetic visual acuity, which is an effective measure to ameliorate children's vision. Compared with ciliary-muscle training relying on apparatus ( 20 , 21 ), physical exercise is more interesting, much safer, simpler and more acceptable to children, which can better benefit children and promote their visual health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of physical activity combined with extra ciliary-muscle training on visual acuity of children aged 10–11

Rong-bin

Wang

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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This study is intended for exploring the effects of the physical activity combined with extra ciliary-muscle training with different frequencies on children's kinetic visual acuity and uncorrected distance visual acuity, and eventually figuring out the optimal frequency of ciliary-muscle training for each physical education class. To do the present research, A total of 160 students aged 10–11 from a school in Suzhou (a major city located in southeastern Jiangsu Province, East China) were randomly selected and divided into control group (n = 33), 15-frequency group (n = 44), 30-frequency group (n = 40) and 60-frequency group (n = 43), and the latter three experimental groups participated in a specially designed physical activity plan based on the training principles of ciliary muscle, while the control group participated in normal physical activity as usual. The experimental intervention period was 16 weeks, and all students' kinetic visual acuity and uncorrected distance visual acuity were measured before and after the experiment. The result showed that the kinetic visual acuity of the students in the 30 and 60-frequency groups got improved significantly after the experiment (p < 0.05), with the highest improvement occurring in the 30-frequency group, while there was no significant change in the 15-frequency group and the control group; The uncorrected distance visual acuity of the students in the 30 and 60-frequency groups was significantly improved after the experiment (p < 0.05), and the improvement range in these two groups was similar. In contrast, there was no significant change in the 15-frequency group, while the control group showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05). Physical activity combined with extra ciliary-muscle training has a positive effect on improving children's vision; at the same time, ciliary-muscle training with different frequencies bring out different outcomes on children's vision improvement, among which ciliary-muscle training with frequency of 30 in each physical education class is the best choice to enhance children's kinetic visual acuity and uncorrected distance visual acuity.

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“…Accommodative relaxation can improve visual function and reduce eye fatigue [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ]. In the present study, we proposed a double mirror system (DMS) to extend the viewing distance from 0.4 m to 2.285 m, so that the accommodative response could be relaxed [ 27 , 28 ]. In this study, the effects of extending the viewing distance on the accommodative response and pupil size of myopic adults using a DMS were discussed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Extended Viewing Distance on Accommodative Response and Pupil Size of Myopic Adults by Using a Double-Mirror System

Lin

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Purposes: This study discussed the accommodative response and pupil size of myopic adults using a double-mirror system (DMS). The viewing distance could be extended to 2.285 m by using a DMS, which resulted in a reduction and increase in the accommodative response and pupil size, respectively. By using a DMS, the reduction of the accommodative response could improve eye fatigue with near work. Method: Sixty subjects aged between 18 and 22 years old were recruited in this study, and the average age was 20.67 ± 1.09. There were two main steps in the experimental process. In the first step, we examined the subjects’ refraction state and visual function, and then fitted disposable contact lenses with a corresponding refractive error. In the second step, the subjects gazed at an object from a viewing distance of 0.4 m and at a virtual image through a DMS, respectively, and the accommodative response and pupil size were measured using an open field autorefractor. Results: When the subjects gazed at the object from a distance of 0.4 m, or gazed at the virtual image through a DMS, the mean value of the accommodative response was 1.74 ± 0.43 or 0.16 ± 0.47 D, and the pupil size was 3.98 ± 0.06 mm or 4.18 ± 0.58 mm, respectively. With an increase in the viewing distance from 0.4 m to 2.285 m, the accommodative response and pupil size were significantly reduced about 1.58 D and enlarged about 0.2 mm, respectively. For three asterisk targets of different sizes (1 cm × 1 cm, 2 cm × 2 cm, and 3 cm × 3 cm), the mean accommodative response and pupil size through the DMS was 0.19 ± 0.16, 0.27 ± 0.24, 0.26 ± 0.19 D; and 4.20 ± 1.02, 3.94 ± 0.73, 4.21 ± 0.57 mm, respectively. The changes of the accommodative response and pupil size were not significant with the size of the targets (p > 0.05). In the low or high myopia group, the accommodative response of 0.4 m and 2.285 m was 1.68 ± 0.42 D and 0.21 ± 0.48 D; and 1.88 ± 0.25 D and 0.05 ± 0.40 D, respectively. The accommodative response was significantly reduced by 1.47 D and 1.83 D for these two groups. The accommodative microfluctuations (AMFs) were stable when a DMS was used; on the contrary, the AMFs were unstable at a viewing distance of 0.4 m. Conclusions: In this study, the imaging through a DMS extended the viewing distance and enlarged the image, and resulted in a reduction in the accommodative response and an increase in the pupil size. For the low myopia group and the high myopia group, the accommodative response and pupil size were statistically significantly different before and after the use of the DMS. The reduction of the accommodative response could be applied for the improvement of asthenopia.

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Reduction in Accommodative Response of Schoolchildren by a Double-Mirror System

Cited by 3 publications

References 30 publications

Short-term Effect of Distant-image Screen on Myopia Control in Children and Comparison with Tablet Computer

Short-term Effect of Distant-image Screen on Myopia Control in Children and Comparison with Tablet Computer

Effect of physical activity combined with extra ciliary-muscle training on visual acuity of children aged 10–11

Effects of Extended Viewing Distance on Accommodative Response and Pupil Size of Myopic Adults by Using a Double-Mirror System

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