“…On the basis of such categorizations, people automatically activate stereotypical traits that go far beyond the observed behavior (Devine, 1989; Dijksterhuis & Vanknippenberg, 1995). For example, Araya, Akrami, Ekehammar and Hedlund (2002) state that items strongly associated with the social category “immigrant” were criminal , hostile , unfriendly , dishonest , and unreliable. A number of researchers have argued that stereotypes confer efficiency by acting as filters that facilitate the encoding and representation of consistent relative to inconsistent information in memory (Araya, et al ., 2002; Bodenhausen, 1988).…”