Reducing Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) population density as a measure for bovine tuberculosis control: Effects in wild boar and a sympatric fallow deer (Dama dama) population in Central Spain

García-Jiménez, Waldo L.; Fernández-Llario, Pedro; Benítez-Medina, J. M.; Cerrato, Rosario; Cuesta, Jesús de Pedro; García-Sánchez, A.; Gonçalves, Pilar; Martínez, R.; Risco, David; Salguero, Francisco J.; Serrano, Emmanuel; Gómez, L.; Hermoso-de-Mendoza, Javier

doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.02.017

Cited by 33 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Similarly, Boadella, Vicente, Ruiz‐Fons, de la Fuente, and Gortázar () established that culling of at least 50% of the estimated wild boar population allowed a reduction in TB prevalence by 21%–48% in 2 to 3 years. Wild boar culling, as well as other management practices such as segregating wild ungulates and livestock, has proven to be effective to decrease TB prevalence not only in wild boar, but also in sympatric wild and domestic species (Boadella et al., ; Barasona, VerCauteren, Saklou, Gortázar, & Vicente, ; García‐Jiménez et al., ). In this context, the proper disposal of hunting by‐products could have an indirect positive effect on the health status of livestock, particularly in areas with high wildlife–livestock interactions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Management of hunting waste as control measure for tuberculosis in wild ungulates in south-central Spain

Cano‐Terriza

Risalde

Jiménez‐Ruiz

et al. 2018

Transbound Emerg Dis

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In recent decades, habitat change and the intensive management of wild ungulates for hunting have led to an increase in their populations in south-central Spain. This implies a higher generation of hunting waste, which can favour the transmission of infectious diseases, including tuberculosis (TB). The aim of this study was to assess the usefulness of the proper disposal of hunting waste as TB control measure in wild boar (Sus scrofa) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) during the 2008/2009 to 2016/2017 hunting seasons. Blood samples from 664 wild boar and 934 red deer were obtained in 14 game estates in two provinces in Andalusia (Area 1), where the disposal of hunting waste was implemented since the 2012/2013 hunting season. Besides, six game estates in the province of Ciudad Real, in Castilla-La Mancha (Area 2), an adjacent region where this management measure was not implemented during the studied period, were used as controls, sampling 277 wild boar and 427 red deer sera. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC), seroprevalence detected in wild boar from Area 1, was significantly higher before the disposal of big game hunting by-products (82.8%; 2008/2009-2012/2013) compared to the second period (61.8%; 2013/2014-2016/2017) (p < .001), after this control measure became established. By contrast, no significant differences between periods were found in wild boar (41.3% versus 44.8%; p = .33) and red deer (14.9% versus 11.6%; p = .19) from Area 2 as well as in red deer (10.8% versus 10.5%; p = .48) from Area 1. The proper disposal of hunting waste contributed to achieve a 25% reduction in MTC seroprevalence in wild boar. These results are of particular relevance regarding wild boar in the current context of re-emerging and emerging diseases such as TB and African Swine Fever in Europe. Further studies are needed to assess the effect of this measure on the health status of livestock and other wildlife species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Management of hunting waste as control measure for tuberculosis in wild ungulates in south-central Spain

Cano‐Terriza

Risalde

Jiménez‐Ruiz

et al. 2018

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…These types of estimations may be useful in the populations under study as they were not biased by hunting restrictions in the number, sex or age of the animals. In addition, all of the estates were managed under similar hunting techniques (Fernández‐Llario et al., ; García‐Jiménez et al., ). Relative density of wild boar in the estates ranged between 6.5 and 32 wild boar per 100 ha (Table ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Infections on Bovine Tuberculosis in Wild Boar Populations

Risco

Fernández-Llario

García-Jiménez

et al. 2013

Transbound Emerg Dis

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SummaryThe wild boar is an important reservoir of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in southwestern Spain. Some risk factors such as wild boar density or age have been associated with the presence of high prevalences of bTB in wild boar. However, the influence of other risk factors such as co-infections with other pathogens has not yet been studied. This work aims to assess the influence of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) infection on bTB prevalence and bTB lesional patterns observed in wild boar. The presence of bTB-like lesions was evaluated in 551 hunted wild boar from 11 different game estates in south-western Spain, with a known history of bTB. Tuberculosis prevalences in each estate were calculated based on the percentage of animals found with bTB-like lesions. The percentage of animals with generalized bTB lesional patterns (bTB lesions in more than one organ) was also assessed. The prevalence of PCV-2 was studied in each estate using a specific PCR assay. The relationship between PCV-2 and bTB prevalences and between PCV-2 infections and the presence of generalized lesional patterns in wild boar were analysed. A statistical relationship between the prevalences of bTB and PCV-2 was found, with bTB prevalences being higher in estates where prevalences of PCV-2 were high. On the other hand, animals infected with PCV-2 were more likely to develop a generalized lesional pattern. Porcine circovirus type 2 prevalences seem to be associated with prevalences of bTB in wild boar. PCV-2 infection may aggravate the development and severity of bTB, favouring the presence of generalized lesional patterns and raising the risk of contagion in these estates. The implementation of sanitary measures that focus on the control of PCV-2 infection may be necessary as a preliminary measure in bTB control programmes for wild boar.

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“…A major reduction in deer density at Brotonne, France, resulted in an eventual reduction in TB prevalence in wild red deer (Hars et al 2010 ), implying maintenance host status in that case, but wild boar densities were also reduced so the cause and the effect in this situation are not entirely clear. In Spain, reduction in wild boar numbers in a 30 km 2 hunting estate resulted in modest decreases in TB prevalence among a high density (30–80 deer/km 2 ) sympatric fallow deer herd (García-Jiménez et al 2013 ), suggesting that the deer were acting primarily as spillover hosts, even at those high densities. Similarly, in another Spanish study, reductions in wild boar density were inferred to have resulted in reduced infection in sympatric red deer (Boadella et al 2012 ).…”

Section: Ecology and Epidemiology Of Tb In Wild Deer And Feral Pigsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The epidemiology ofMycobacterium bovisin wild deer and feral pigs and their roles in the establishment and spread of bovine tuberculosis in New Zealand wildlife

Nugent

Gortázar²,

Knowles³

2015

New Zealand Veterinary Journal

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In New Zealand, wild deer and feral pigs are assumed to be spillover hosts for Mycobacterium bovis, and so are not targeted in efforts aimed at locally eradicating bovine tuberculosis (TB) from possums (Trichosurus vulpecula), the main wildlife host. Here we review the epidemiology of TB in deer and pigs, and assess whether New Zealand's TB management programme could be undermined if these species sometimes achieve maintenance host status.In New Zealand, TB prevalences of up to 47% have been recorded in wild deer sympatric with tuberculous possums. Patterns of lesion distribution, age-specific prevalences and behavioural observations suggest that deer become infected mainly through exposure to dead or moribund possums. TB can progress rapidly in some deer (<10%), but generalised disease is uncommon in wild deer; conversely some infected animals can survive for many years. Deer-to-deer transmission of M. bovis is rare, but transmission from tuberculous deer carcasses to scavengers, including possums, is likely. That creates a small spillback risk that could persist for a decade after transmission of new infection to wild deer has been halted.Tuberculosis prevalence in New Zealand feral pigs can reach 100%. Infections in lymph nodes of the head and alimentary tract predominate, indicating that TB is mostly acquired through scavenging tuberculous carrion, particularly possums. Infection is usually well contained, and transmission between pigs is rare.Large reductions in local possum density result in gradual declines (over 10 years) in TB prevalence among sympatric wild deer, and faster declines in feral pigs. Elimination of TB from possums (and livestock) therefore results in eventual disappearance of TB from feral pigs and wild deer. However, the risk of spillback infection from deer to possums substantially extends the time needed to locally eradicate TB from all wildlife (compared to that which would be required to eradicate disease from possums alone), while dispersal or translocation of pigs (e.g. by hunters) creates a risk of long-distance spread of disease. The high rate at which pigs acquire M. bovis infection from dead possums makes them useful as sentinels for detecting TB in wildlife.It is unlikely that wild deer and feral pigs act as maintenance hosts anywhere in New Zealand, because unrestricted year-round hunting keeps densities low, with far less aggregation than on New Zealand farms. We conclude that active management of wild deer or feral pigs is not required for local TB eradication in New Zealand.

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Reducing Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) population density as a measure for bovine tuberculosis control: Effects in wild boar and a sympatric fallow deer (Dama dama) population in Central Spain

Cited by 33 publications

References 47 publications

Management of hunting waste as control measure for tuberculosis in wild ungulates in south-central Spain

Management of hunting waste as control measure for tuberculosis in wild ungulates in south-central Spain

Influence of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Infections on Bovine Tuberculosis in Wild Boar Populations

The epidemiology ofMycobacterium bovisin wild deer and feral pigs and their roles in the establishment and spread of bovine tuberculosis in New Zealand wildlife

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