Influence of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Infections on Bovine Tuberculosis in Wild Boar Populations

Risco, David; Fernández-Llario, Pedro; García-Jiménez, Waldo L.; Gonçalves, Pilar; Cuesta, Jesús de Pedro; Martínez, R.; Sanz, Cristina; Sequeda, M. Guevara de; Gómez, L.; Carranza, Juan; Mendoza, J. Hermoso de

doi:10.1111/tbed.12112

Cited by 17 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Such scenario may facilitate interaction with other pathogens, a fact that should be taken into account when dealing with the epidemiology of natural infections. Globally, this situation may have implications regarding the assessment and even the efficacy of future disease control measures [46, 58]. This confirms the view that in natural settings multipathogen approaches are more realistic than single-pathogen ones.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…For comparison, Vicente et al [36] recorded 38% antibody prevalence against PCV2 in fenced wild boar piglets, and Boadella et al [29] found 47%. Regarding coinfection data on these pathogens and Risco et al [46] found correlations between PCV2 infection prevalence and TB prevalence in wild boar in other high TB and PCV2 prevalence sites in Mediterranean Spain. By contrast, both PCV2 and TB have a much lower prevalence (<10%) in Spanish regions with a more humid Atlantic climate where, interestingly, generalized TB appears to be less common [37, 47].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Complex Links between Natural Tuberculosis and Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Infection in Wild Boar

Díez‐Delgado

Boadella

Martín-Hernando

et al. 2014

BioMed Research International

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Individuals in natural populations are exposed to a diversity of pathogens which results in coinfections. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between natural infection with tuberculosis (TB) due to infection by bacteria of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in free-ranging Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa). Apparent prevalence for TB lesions and PCV2 infection was extremely high in all age classes, including piglets (51% for TB; 85.7% for PCV2). Modeling results revealed that the relative risk of young (less than 2 years old) wild boar to test positive to PCV2 PCR was negatively associated with TB lesion presence. Also, an interaction between TB, PCV2, and body condition was evidenced: in wild boar with TB lesions probability of being PCV2 PCR positive increased with body condition, whereas this relation was negative for wild boar without TB lesions. This study provides insight into the coinfections occurring in free-ranging host populations that are naturally exposed to several pathogens at an early age. Using TB and PCV2 as a case study, we showed that coinfection is a frequent event among natural populations that takes place early in life with complex effects on the infections and the hosts.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complex Links between Natural Tuberculosis and Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Infection in Wild Boar

Díez‐Delgado

Boadella

Martín-Hernando

et al. 2014

BioMed Research International

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“…According to our results, certain pathogen combinations are correlated to more severe bTB lesions in wild boar. Since the presence of animals displaying severe bTB lesion patterns has been recently related to higher bTB prevalence in wild boar populations [19] , programs aimed at bTB management and control in wild boar populations should take into account the effects of concomitant pathogens on the disease severity. The relationship between PCV2, Metastrongylus spp and ADV on bTB severity suggests that sanitary measures focused on the control of these agents (i.e., deworming or vaccination against viruses), may help to reduce the bTB prevalence in the affected areas.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, in the African buffalo, nematode infection not only is likely to increase bTB susceptibility [17] , but also to accelerate mortality due to body condition impairment in co-infected individuals [18] . A positive relationship between porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and bTB prevalences has also recently been observed in wild boar populations from mid-western Spain [19] ; however little is known about the role of other common pathogens in wild boar in bTB dynamics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Severity of Bovine Tuberculosis Is Associated with Co-Infection with Common Pathogens in Wild Boar

et al. 2014

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Co-infections with parasites or viruses drive tuberculosis dynamics in humans, but little is known about their effects in other non-human hosts. This work aims to investigate the relationship between Mycobacterium bovis infection and other pathogens in wild boar (Sus scrofa), a recognized reservoir of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in Mediterranean ecosystems. For this purpose, it has been assessed whether contacts with common concomitant pathogens are associated with the development of severe bTB lesions in 165 wild boar from mid-western Spain. The presence of bTB lesions affecting only one anatomic location (cervical lymph nodes), or more severe patterns affecting more than one location (mainly cervical lymph nodes and lungs), was assessed in infected animals. In addition, the existence of contacts with other pathogens such as porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV), swine influenza virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Haemophilus parasuis and Metastrongylus spp, was evaluated by means of serological, microbiological and parasitological techniques. The existence of contacts with a structured community of pathogens in wild boar infected by M. bovis was statistically investigated by null models. Association between this community of pathogens and bTB severity was examined using a Partial Least Squares regression approach. Results showed that adult wild boar infected by M. bovis had contacted with some specific, non-random pathogen combinations. Contact with PCV2, ADV and infection by Metastrongylus spp, was positively correlated to tuberculosis severity. Therefore, measures against these concomitant pathogens such as vaccination or deworming, might be useful in tuberculosis control programmes in the wild boar. However, given the unexpected consequences of altering any community of organisms, further research should evaluate the impact of such measures under controlled conditions. Furthermore, more research including other important pathogens, such as gastro-intestinal nematodes, will be necessary to complete this picture.

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“…In Mediterranean Spain, correlations were found (at the population level) between wild boar TB prevalence, generalized TB and the prevalence of porcine circovirus type 2, a widespread immunosuppressive virus (Risco et al. ). However, such correlations were less evident at the individual animal scale (Díez‐Delgado et al.…”

Section: Host Pathology Ecology and Tb Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Open questions and recent advances in the control of a multi‐host infectious disease: animal tuberculosis

2015

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Animal tuberculosis (TB) control is globally important for public health, economics and conservation. Wildlife species are often part of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) maintenance community, complicating TB control attempts. We describe the current knowledge on global TB distribution and the significance of wildlife hosts; identify insufficiently known aspects of host pathology, ecology and epidemiology; present selected time series in wildlife TB; and summarize ongoing research on TB control, providing additional insight on vaccination. Six specific research needs are identified and discussed, namely: 1) complete the world map of wildlife MTC reservoirs and describe the structure of each local MTC host community; 2) identify the origin and behaviour of generalized diseased individuals within populations, and study the role of factors such as co‐infections, re‐infections and individual condition on TB pathogenesis; 3) quantify indirect MTC transmission within and between species; 4) define and harmonize wildlife disease monitoring protocols, and apply them in a way that allows proper population and prevalence trend comparisons in both space and time; 5) carry out controlled and replicated wildlife TB control experiments using single intervention tools; 6) analyse cost‐efficiency and consider knowledge transfer aspects in promising intervention strategies. We believe that addressing these six points would push ahead our capacities for TB control. A remaining question is whether or not interventions on wildlife TB are at all justified. The answer depends on the local circumstances of each TB hotspot, and is likely to evolve during our collective progress towards TB control in livestock and in wildlife.

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Influence of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Infections on Bovine Tuberculosis in Wild Boar Populations

Cited by 17 publications

References 30 publications

Complex Links between Natural Tuberculosis and Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Infection in Wild Boar

Complex Links between Natural Tuberculosis and Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Infection in Wild Boar

Severity of Bovine Tuberculosis Is Associated with Co-Infection with Common Pathogens in Wild Boar

Open questions and recent advances in the control of a multi‐host infectious disease: animal tuberculosis

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