Reducing Diarrhea Through the Use of Household-Based Ceramic Water Filters: A Randomized, Controlled Trial in Rural Bolivia

Clasen, Thomas; Brown, J. David; Collin, Simon M.; Suntura, Oscar; Cairncross, Sandy

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2004.70.651

Cited by 141 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…One promising technology is porous ceramic filtration. Studies of relatively expensive, commercially produced ceramic filtration devices have suggested that these filters can provide an effective barrier against microbial pathogen indicators in water and that interventions are associated with significant health gains in users versus non-users of the technologies (Clasen et al 2004(Clasen et al , 2005(Clasen et al , 2006. Successful field trials of more expensive filters have suggested that low-cost, locally produced filters may also be promising technologies for increasing access to safe water at the household level.…”

Section: Systematic Reviews Of Field Trials Have Suggested Thatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiological effectiveness of locally produced ceramic filters for drinking water treatment in Cambodia

Brown

Sobsey

2009

Journal of Water and Health

143

121

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Low-cost options for the treatment of drinking water at the household level are being explored by the Cambodian government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) working in Cambodia, where many lack access to improved drinking water sources and diarrhoeal diseases are the most prevalent cause of death in children under 5 years of age. The ceramic water purifier (CWP), a locally produced, low-cost ceramic filter, is now being implemented by several NGOs, and an estimated 100,000 + households in the country now use them for drinking water treatment. Two candidate filters were tested for the reduction of bacterial and viral surrogates for waterborne pathogens using representative Cambodian drinking water sources (rainwater and surface water) spiked with Escherichia coli and bacteriophage MS2. Results indicate that filters were capable of reducing key microbes in the laboratory with mean reductions of E. coli of approximately 99% and mean reduction of bacteriophages of 90-99% over .600 litres throughput. Increased effectiveness was not observed in filters with an AgNO 3 amendment. At under US$10 per filter, locally produced ceramic filters may be a promising option for drinking water treatment and safe storage at the household level.

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Section: Systematic Reviews Of Field Trials Have Suggested Thatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiological effectiveness of locally produced ceramic filters for drinking water treatment in Cambodia

Brown

Sobsey

2009

Journal of Water and Health

143

121

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“…In recent years, pointof-use systems have gained new-found popularity as solutions to water issues in the developing world [2]. Safe storage is an important aspect of some systems used for drinking water treatment or safe storage containers may be used as a stand-alone technology for protecting water quality where the main source of contamination is improper handling [3]. Ideally, POU systems can also safeguard against stored water contamination in the home through unsafe water handling practices, known to be a major cause of degraded drinking water quality [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Low cost clay filtration for drinking water treatment in developing countries is diverse, varying by overall design, production method, clay and other materials, quality assurance and quality control, procedures, burnout material, firing temperatures and methods, and sometimes chemical (e.g., colloidal silver) amendments, and other characteristics [10]. Unlike chemical or thermal disinfection, clay filters do not significantly change water taste or temperature and do reduce turbidity [3,11]. Filters have functional stability in the sense that they have only one moving part (the tap) and require no external energy source [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Evaluation of Clay-Sawdust Composite Filter for Point of Use Water Treatment

Nnaji¹,

Afangideh²,

Ezeh³

2016

Nig. J. Tech.

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Water borne diseases have remained a major challenge in most developing countries. This is usually as a result of lack of access to clean water and contamination associated with water fetching and conveyance. This work explores the possibility of improving water quality and eliminating the possibility of recontamination by the use of point of use (POU) water filters made from cheap locally available materials. The performance of POU water filters for the purification of water obtained from various sources was investigated. Sawdust was used as a burnout material in order to enhance the rate of filtration. The clay was first characterized and then various proportions (5%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 50% by weight) of sawdust were mixed with the clay for filter production. The clay was found to have a specific gravity of 2.4, a high liquid limit of 81.6% and a medium plastic limit of 48.54%. The flow rates of the filters ranged between 0.0005litres/hr for the filter with 5% sawdust and 0.8litres/hr for the filter with 50% sawdust. The average removal of suspended solids (SS) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) was 98.6% and 33% respectively while the mean Log10 reduction in total count (TC) was 93.1%. Result of analysis of variance showed that there was no significant difference between the performances of the filters. However, there was a significant difference between the flow rates with F(18.71) > F critical (5.14). This implies that while burnout materials improve water quality, increasing burnout materials in clay filters beyond 50% does not significantly affect the performance for the filter with respect to the quality of effluent but with respect to flow rate.

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“…5 Point-of-use disinfection of drinkingwater with chlorine and filtration, and recently with a new flocculant-disinfectant, has been proven to reduce the incidence of diarrhoea in children in several studies in developing countries. [6][7][8][9][10] Although chlorine is readily available and highly successful in treating unsafe drinkingwater, it has not been widely adopted by at-risk households without substantial efforts being made by local field staff to change behaviour. One reason may be that adding chlorine to drinking-water often adversely affects its taste and odour and does not make the water appear cleaner.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing diarrhoea in Guatemalan children: randomized controlled trial of flocculant-disinfectant for drinking water

Chiller

Mendoza²,

Lopez³

et al. 2004

Bull World Health Organ

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Objective To examine the effect of a new point-of-use treatment for drinking-water, a commercially developed flocculant-disinfectant, on the prevalence of diarrhoea in children. Methods We conducted a randomized controlled trial among 514 rural Guatemalan households, divided into 42 neighbourhood clusters, for 13 weeks, from 4 November 2002 through 31 January 2003. Clusters assigned to water treatment with the flocculantdisinfectant were compared with those using their usual water-handling practices. The longitudinal prevalence of diarrhoea was calculated as the proportion of total days with diarrhoea divided by the total number of days of observation. The prevalence of diarrhoea was compared using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Findings The 1702 people in households receiving the disinfectant had a prevalence of diarrhoea that was 40% lower than that among the 1699 people using standard water-handling practices (0.9% versus 1.5%; P = 0.001). In households using the flocculant-disinfectant, children < 1 year of age had a 39% lower prevalence of diarrhoea than those in households using their standard practices (3.7% versus 6.0%; P = 0.005). Conclusion In settings where families rarely treat drinking-water, we introduced a novel flocculant-disinfectant that reduced the longitudinal prevalence of diarrhoea, especially among children aged < 1 year, among whom diarrhoea has been strongly associated with mortality. Successful introduction and use of this product could contribute to preventing diarrhoeal disease globally.Keywords Diarrhea/epidemiology/prevention and control; Potable water/microbiology; Disinfectants; Water purification/methods; Child; Randomized controlled trials; Longitudinal studies; Guatemala (source: MeSH, NLM). Mots clés Diarrhée/épidémiologie/prévention et contrôle; Eau potable/microbiologie; Désinfectants; Purification eau/méthodes; Enfant; Essai clinique randomisé; Etude longitudinale; Guatemala (source: MeSH, INSERM). Palabras clave Diarrea/epidemiología/prevención y control; Agua potable/microbiología; Desinfectantes; Purificación del agua/ métodos; Niño; Ensayos controlados aleatorios; Estudios longitudinales; Guatemala (fuente: DeCS, BIREME). Voir page 34 le résumé en français. En la página 34 figura un resumen en español.

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Reducing Diarrhea Through the Use of Household-Based Ceramic Water Filters: A Randomized, Controlled Trial in Rural Bolivia

Cited by 141 publications

References 25 publications

Microbiological effectiveness of locally produced ceramic filters for drinking water treatment in Cambodia

Microbiological effectiveness of locally produced ceramic filters for drinking water treatment in Cambodia

Performance Evaluation of Clay-Sawdust Composite Filter for Point of Use Water Treatment

Reducing diarrhoea in Guatemalan children: randomized controlled trial of flocculant-disinfectant for drinking water

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