Reducibility of nickeliferous limonitic laterite ore from Central Anatolia

Pournaderi, Saeid; Keskinkilic, Ender; Geveci, Ahmet; Topkaya, Yavuz

doi:10.1179/1879139513y.0000000099

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(24 reference statements)

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“…Subsequently, the dehydration of goethite occurs through Reaction (7). However, NiCl 2 did not precipitate as an oxide, because the precipitation of FeCl 4 -in the form of Fe 2 O 3 is more thermodynamically favorable than the precipitation of Ni 2+ as NiO. So the pressure hydrochloric-acid leaching had also realized selective pressure leaching.…”

Section: Advances In Computer Sciencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Taking for granted the stepwise gaseous reduction of haematite to metallic iron, as well as the reduction of nickel silicates into metallic nickel, it was recommended to use CO reducing gas to achieve the highest metallisation for nickel. Pournaderi et al [4] studied effects of temperature, coal amount, and reduction time on prereduction of a laterite ore (Ni 1.26%, Fe 32.6%). It was reported that the metallization of Fe was limited up to 900℃ and increased rapidly at higher temperature.…”

Section: Advances In Computer Science Research Volume 70mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Current Studies of Treating Processes for Nickel Laterite Ores

Wang¹,

Sun

Chen

et al. 2017

Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Mechatronics Engineering and Information Technology (ICMEIT 2017)

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Abstract. Nickel laterite ores are important nickel resources, which are abundant and account for approximately 70% of the world nickel reserves. However, nickel in nickel laterite ores could not be extracted by conventional separation methods. Consequently, treating and utilizing nickel laterite ores efficiently is of vital importance. This article reviews hydrometallurgical processes, pyro metallurgical methods, and reduction roasting-magnetic separation technique with reference to current studies of treating processes for nickel laterite ores.

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Section: Advances In Computer Sciencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Advances In Computer Science Research Volume 70mentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Studies of Treating Processes for Nickel Laterite Ores

Wang¹,

Sun

Chen

et al. 2017

Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Mechatronics Engineering and Information Technology (ICMEIT 2017)

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“…Low-grade laterite ore, which accounts for approximately 60% of the world's nickel ore reserves, has attracted much attention owing to the dwindling supply of sulphide nickel ore (Tong et al, 2013;Li et al, 2017). However, studies have shown that conventional pyrometallurgical and wet leaching processes are unsuitable for nickel recovery from low-grade nickel ores (Poumaderi et al, 2014;Quast et al, 2015;Sadowski and Pawlowska, 2017;Javanshir et al, 2018). The direct reduction magnetic separation process has proven to be a promising method to recover nickel from low-grade laterite ore (Zhang et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery of nickel and iron from low–grade laterite ore and red mud using co–reduction roasting: Industrial-scale test

Guo

Chen

Wang

et al. 2021

Physicochem. Probl. Miner. Process.

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In this study, the effects of red mud (RM) dosage during the co-reduction roasting of lowgrade laterite ore and RM were investigated. The expanded test was conducted under the following optimized conditions: RM-1 dosage of 15 wt%, anthracite dosage of 13 wt%, a roasting temperature of 1300 o C, and roasting time of 3 h. Ferronickel powder was obtained with a nickel grade of 1.95 wt%, iron grade of 83.25 wt%, and nickel and total iron recoveries of 94.71 wt% and 95.98 wt%, respectively. The addition of RM improved the recovery of nickel and total iron in ferronickel powder. The reason was because of the increased intensity of the diffraction peaks of kamacite and iron, and the ferronickel particles grown due to the liquid phase were easier to achieve at a lower melting point. The industrialscale test results showed that ferronickel powder was obtained with average nickel and total iron grades of 1.76 wt% and 86.46 wt%, respectively, which indicated the successful industrial-scale test of coreduction roasting. Thermodynamic analysis theoretically illustrated the feasibility of the co-reduction of low-grade laterite ore and RM. Increased roasting temperature promoted the reduction of iron oxide and nickel oxide.

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“…In the first step, physical losses were determined by extraction of the metallic phases with bromine-methanol solution (Pournaderi et al, 2014;Kinson, Dickeson, and Belcher, 1968) and measurement of the dissolved metals by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). In the second step, the residue from the first step was dissolved in an acid mixture (HNO 3 +HCl+HF) and the solution was analysed by AAS to determine the chemical losses in the slag.…”

Section: Volume 117mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A gas mixture consisting of 70%N 2 -20%CO 2 -10%CO was passed through the furnace at a flow rate of 50 ml/min. Further information on the calcination and prereduction behaviour of the ore has been published previously (Keskinkılıç et al, 2012;Pournaderi et al, 2014). …”

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confidence: 99%

Laboratory-scale smelting of limonitic laterite ore from Central Anatolia

Pournaderi

Keskinkilic

Geveci

et al. 2017

J. South. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall.

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Nickel laterites are classified into three main types; saprolite, nontronite, and limonite. Of these, limonitic ores possess the lowest nickel content, ranging from 0.8 to 1.5 wt%. It is generally accepted that limonitic laterites are suitable for hydrometallurgical treatment while saprolitic laterites are suitable for pyrometallurgical treatment, i.e. ferronickel smelting. However, this perception is changing and new projects (Reinecke and Lagendijk, 2007) are aiming to treat low-grade limonitic ores by pyrometallurgical routes (Mudd, 2010) to produce ferronickel. The simplicity of the process, the nickel market, and new advances in furnace technology, as briefly discussed below, are the main incentives for smelting of limonitic laterites.Nickel in limonitic laterites is incorporated in minerals containing elements such as Fe, Co, Si, and Mg. Hydrometallurgical methods basically handle the separation of nickel from these elements through a complex process to obtain nickel in pure form (Canterford, 1975). Pyrometallurgical processing is simpler and shorter as the product contains Ni, Fe, Co, and Cu.The nickel market is the other incentive for ferronickel smelting from limonitic laterites. About 70% of this nickel output is used in iron-nickel based alloys such as stainless steels (Zevgolis, 2004), where Ni is added to the bath of molten alloy as ferronickel rather than high-priced metallic nickel. Hence separation of nickel from iron through the longer and more complicated hydrometallurgical processes is not necessary. In addition, the growing demand for ferronickel and the gradual decline in highgrade saprolitic reserves will inevitably shift the industry towards the smelting of low-grade limonitic ores in the future.Furthermore, recent advances in furnace technology (Walker et al., 2009;Voermann et al., 2004) have overcome, to a great extent, difficulties related to the smelting of limonitic ores, such as unfavourable slag composition and high CO 2 emissions. Energy costs per ton of metal have decreased, thus compensating for the low grades of limonitic ores. With current technology and nickel market conditions, ores with a nickel content of more than 1% can be treated economically (Norgate, 2010). In the future, however, higher Ni prices and new advances could lower the cut-off grades.This study investigated the feasibility of ferronickel production from a low-grade limonitic laterite ore. At the same time, it focused on the nickel losses in the slag, which is one of the major problems in ferronickel smelting. Ferronickel slags typically contain 0.1-0.2% Ni and the nickel partition ratio (percentage Ni in the ferronickel divided by percentage Ni in the slag) is about 200 or Laboratory-scale smelting of limonitic laterite ore from Central Anatolia by S. Pournaderi*, E. Keskinkılıç † , A. Geveci ‡ , and Y.A. Topkaya ‡ The feasibility of ferronickel production from a low-grade limonitic laterite ore was investigated. The ore was first calcined and then prereduced in the solid state. The reduced ore was then sme...

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Reducibility of nickeliferous limonitic laterite ore from Central Anatolia

Cited by 10 publications

References 18 publications

Current Studies of Treating Processes for Nickel Laterite Ores

Current Studies of Treating Processes for Nickel Laterite Ores

Recovery of nickel and iron from low–grade laterite ore and red mud using co–reduction roasting: Industrial-scale test

Laboratory-scale smelting of limonitic laterite ore from Central Anatolia

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