Reduced phagocytic capacity of blood monocyte/macrophages in tuberculosis patients is further reduced by smoking

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) and tobacco use are two major alarming global health issues posing immense threats to human populations. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) by activation of macrophages could induce the sequences of cells activation and releases of inflammatory cytokines such as CXCL-8, Il-12 and TNF-α which in turn induces the immune system network. However no information is available on other activity of cells by MTB and smoking. In the current study we aimed to investigate the serum levels TNF-, CXCL-8 and phagocytosis capacity in tuberculosis patients with and without smoking.103 subjects entered the study including 61 new diagnosed pulmonary TB patients (23 smokers and 38 nonsmokers) and 42 control healthy subjects. The phagocytosis of fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITCdextran) in blood monocytes/macrophages through flowcytometry was assessed. Serum levels of TNF- and CXCL-8 were analyzed by ELISA methods.A lower percentage of cells from TB patients who smoked [50.29% (43.4-57.2), p<0.01] took up FITCdextran after 2h compared to non-smoking TB subjects [71.62% (69.2-74.1)] and healthy cases [97.45% (95.9-99.1). Phagocytic capacity was inversely correlated with cigarette smoking as measured by pack years (r=-0.73, p<0.001). The serum levels of TNF- and CXCL-8 were significantly higher in the TB patients who smoked compared to the TB non-smoker group (p<0.001, p<0.01 respectively).Blood monocytes/macrophages from TB patients have reduced phagocytic capacity which is further reduced in TB patients who smoke. Smoking enhanced serum levels of TNF- and CXCL-8 suggesting a greater imbalance between the proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors in these patients.

E-cigarettes: Effects in phagocytosis and cytokines response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

“…These results suggest that e-vapor extract and CS extract cause a phagocytosis impairment in THP-1. This kind of damage has been observed in monocytes from smokers TB patients [12], in alveolar macrophages from smokers [13], in lung-tissue and alveolar macrophages from smoking E-cigarettes impair immune response mice [45,46] and in alveolar macrophages and THP-1 macrophages when cells exposed to CS extract were infected with H. influenzae [26,36]. The reduction in the phagocytic ability has been related with the decrease of the expression of recognition molecules for apoptotic cells [13], the inhibition proteins involved in cytoskeletal rearrangements [46], the blockage of PI3K signaling cascade [36] as well as the decrease of the expression of bacterial recognition receptors [26,47,48].…”

“…Many studies have been focused on understanding the cause-effect relationship between cigarette smoke and TB, however, many aspects currently remain unclear. Cigarette smoke effects include: loss of phagocytic capacity, failure to contain the intracellular growth of mycobacteria in macrophages, attenuation of cytokine and chemokine response as well as attenuation of apoptosis [10][11][12][13].…”

Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of smear-positive and smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis

“…Takođe, pušenje, konzumacija alkohola i neuhranjenost mogu uticati na aktivaciju latentne u aktivnu formu tuberkuloze. Socijalni i klinički razlozi neuspeha terapije tuberkulostaticima posledica su pušenja i alkoholizma [9,10]. Neuspešnost lečenja ima uticaj na samog pacijenta, ali i na javno zdravlje.…”

The impact of smoking on clinical characteristics and treatment outcome of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis

“…While the link between smoking and PTB was recognized almost a century ago, the impact of smoking on the development of TB has mostly been explained in the last few decades [3]. Active and passive exposures to tobacco smoke are independent risk factors for TB infection, the progression of TB infection to an active disease, severe clinical profile, and an increased risk of relapse and mortality.…”

“…Possible mechanisms of the impact of smoking include reduced clearance of secretions on tracheobronchial mucosal surface, reduced phagocytic function of alveolar macrophages, reduced alveolar macrophage production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and increased macrophage hemochromatosis [3,12]. Smoking reduces the effectiveness of the alveolar macrophages in developing effective immune response by altering the expression of cell www.srpskiarhiv.rs proinflammatory cytokines [13].…”