Reduced growth and seed set following chemical induction of pathogen defence: does systemic acquired resistance (SAR) incur allocation costs?

Heil, Martin; Hilpert, Andrea; Kaiser, Werner M.; Linsenmair, K. Eduard

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00479.x

Cited by 261 publications

(204 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…A number of studies of constitutive and induced defense support the prediction that costs of defense increase under more severe nutrient and competition stress. For in-stance, under conditions of nutrient limitation, costs of resistance to a fungal pathogen and an aphid in lettuce (Bergelson 1994) and costs of systemic acquired resistance to pathogens in spring wheat (Heil et al 2000) appear to be higher than under more favorable nutrient conditions. Several studies have shown that costs can also increase under more competitive conditions (Bazzaz et al 1987;Agrawal 2000;Van Dam and Baldwin 2001).…”

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confidence: 96%

Fitness Costs of Chemical Defense in Plantago Lanceolata L.: Effects of Nutrient and Competition Stress

2003

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Abstract. Fitness costs of defense are often invoked to explain the maintenance of genetic variation in levels of chemical defense compounds in natural plant populations. We investigated fitness costs of iridoid glycosides (IGs), terpenoid compounds that strongly deter generalist insect herbivores, in ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) using lines that had been artificially selected for high and low leaf IG concentrations for four generations. Twelve maternal half-sib families from each selection line were grown in four environments, consisting of two nutrient and two competition treatments. We tested whether: (1) in the absence of herbivores and pathogens, plants from lines selected for high IG levels have a lower fitness than plants selected for low IG levels; and (2) costs of chemical defense increase with environmental stress. Vegetative biomass did not differ between selection lines, but plants selected for high IG levels produced fewer inflorescences and had a significantly lower reproductive dry weight than plants selected for low IG levels, indicating a fitness cost of IG production. Line-by-nutrient and line-by-competition interactions were not significant for any of the fitness-related traits. Hence, there was no evidence that fitness costs increased with environmental stress. Two factors may have contributed to the absence of higher costs under environmental stress. First, IGs are carbon-based chemicals. Under nutrient limitation, the relative carbon excess may result in the production of IGs without imposing a further constraint on growth and reproduction. Second, correlated responses to selection on IG levels indicate the existence of a positive genetic association between IG level and cotyledon size. At low nutrient level, a path analysis based on family means revealed that in the presence of competitors, the negative direct effect of a high IG level on aboveground plant dry weight was partly offset by a positive direct effect of the associated larger cotyledon size. This indicates that fitness costs of defense may be modulated by environment-specific fitness effects of genetically associated traits.

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Fitness Costs of Chemical Defense in Plantago Lanceolata L.: Effects of Nutrient and Competition Stress

2003

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“…A cost-benefit balance of salicylic acid (SA)-inducible defenses against pathogens has also been supposed. In wheat, Heil et al (6) demonstrated costs of SA-inducible defenses on growth and seed set. In Arabidopsis, Cipollini (7) showed that exogenously applied SA reduced seed production.…”

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confidence: 99%

Costs and benefits of priming for defense in Arabidopsis

Hulten

Pelser

Loon

et al. 2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

739

595

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Induced resistance protects plants against a wide spectrum of diseases; however, it can also entail costs due to the allocation of resources or toxicity of defensive products. The cellular defense responses involved in induced resistance are either activated directly or primed for augmented expression upon pathogen attack. Priming for defense may combine the advantages of enhanced disease protection and low costs. In this study, we have compared the costs and benefits of priming to those of induced direct defense in Arabidopsis. In the absence of pathogen infection, chemical priming by low doses of ␤-aminobutyric acid caused minor reductions in relative growth rate and had no effect on seed production, whereas induction of direct defense by high doses of ␤-aminobutyric acid or benzothiadiazole strongly affected both fitness parameters. These costs were defense-related, because the salicylic acid-insensitive defense mutant npr1-1 remained unaffected by these treatments. Furthermore, the constitutive priming mutant edr1-1 displayed only slightly lower levels of fitness than wild-type plants and performed considerably better than the constitutively activated defense mutant cpr1-1. Hence, priming involves less fitness costs than induced direct defense. Upon infection by Pseudomonas syringae or Hyaloperonospora parasitica, priming conferred levels of disease protection that almost equaled the protection in benzothiadiazole-treated wild-type plants and cpr1 plants. Under these conditions, primed plants displayed significantly higher levels of fitness than noninduced plants and plants expressing chemically or cpr1-induced direct defense. Collectively, our results indicate that the benefits of priming-mediated resistance outweigh the costs in environments in which disease occurs.induced resistance ͉ innate immunity ͉ plant defense

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“…Porém, em outros casos, não há incrementos na produtividade, ou até há redução da mesma, ainda com drástica redução da doença (9, 10,13,22). Portanto, a expressão da defesa pode reduzir a produtividade, a ponto de ser o custo maior do que o benefício?…”

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Custo adaptativo da indução de resistência em feijoeiro mediada pela rizobactéria Bacillus cereus ou acibenzolar-S-metil: atividade de enzimas, síntese de fenóis e lignina e biomassa

Kuhn

Pascholati

2010

Summa phytopathol.

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Plants that use resources to defend themselves in the absence of pests or pathogens will pay off with energy costs that can reflect in the productivity. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the fitness costs of the resistance induced in bean plants, before the presence of the pathogen, by using biotic (Bacillus cereus) and abiotic (acibenzolar-S-methyl, ASM) inducers, applied 2, 3 or 4 times during the cycle of the culture. The protecting effect was evaluated against the bacterium Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Keywords: Chitinase β-1,3-glucanase; peroxidase; Phaseolus vulgaris; metabolism; yield. Palavras-chave adicionais:Quitinase; β-1,3-glucanase; peroxidase; Phaseolus vulgaris; metabolismo; produtividade. RESUMOPlantas que utilizam recursos para defesa na ausência de pragas ou patógenos, arcarão com custos energéticos que podem refletir na sua produtividade. Assim, teve-se por objetivo avaliar os custos adaptativos da indução de resistência, antes da chegada do patógeno, em feijoeiro induzido por um indutor biótico (Bacillus cereus) e um abiótico (acibenzolar-S-metil, ASM), em 2, 3 ou 4 aplicações distribuídas ao longo do ciclo da cultura. Avaliou-se o efeito protetor contra a bactéria Xan thomonas axono podi s pv. ph ase oli , além d a at ivid ade de peroxidase, quitinase, β-1,3-glucanase, síntese de lignina, fenóis e crescimento com base na matéria seca. Observou-se que os indutores Kuhn, O.J. & Pascholati, S.F.. Custo adaptativo da indução de resistência em feijoeiro mediada pela rizobactéria Bacillus cereus ou acibenzolar-S-metil: atividade de enzimas, síntese de fenóis e lignina e biomassa. Summa Phytopathologica, v.36, n.2, p.107-114, 2010. synthesis and plant growth were evaluated too. It was observed that the inducers protected the bean plants against X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli. The ASM increased the activity of peroxidase, chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase, while B. cereus only increased peroxidase activity. Unlike B. cereus, the ASM increased lignin synthesis and decreased ph enolic c ompound cont ent and pla nt growt h . Th erefore, t he resistance induced by ASM represents high fitness costs for bean plants, while the resistance induced by B. cereus represents low cost and its potential use can be explored.

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Reduced growth and seed set following chemical induction of pathogen defence: does systemic acquired resistance (SAR) incur allocation costs?

Cited by 261 publications

References 52 publications

Fitness Costs of Chemical Defense in Plantago Lanceolata L.: Effects of Nutrient and Competition Stress

Fitness Costs of Chemical Defense in Plantago Lanceolata L.: Effects of Nutrient and Competition Stress

Costs and benefits of priming for defense in Arabidopsis

Custo adaptativo da indução de resistência em feijoeiro mediada pela rizobactéria Bacillus cereus ou acibenzolar-S-metil: atividade de enzimas, síntese de fenóis e lignina e biomassa

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