Redox Regulation in Photosynthetic Organisms: Signaling, Acclimation, and Practical Implications

Abstract

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have multifaceted roles in the orchestration of plant gene expression and gene-product regulation. Cellular redox homeostasis is considered to be an "integrator" of information from metabolism and the environment controlling plant growth and acclimation responses, as well as cell suicide events. The different ROS forms influence gene expression in specific and sometimes antagonistic ways. Low molecular antioxidants (e.g., ascorbate, glutathione) serve not only to limit the lifetime of the ROS signals but also to participate in an extensive range of other redox signaling and regulatory functions. In contrast to the low molecular weight antioxidants, the "redox" states of components involved in photosynthesis such as plastoquinone show rapid and often transient shifts in response to changes in light and other environmental signals. Whereas both types of "redox regulation" are intimately linked through the thioredoxin, peroxiredoxin, and pyridine nucleotide pools, they also act independently of each other to achieve overall energy balance between energy-producing and energy-utilizing pathways. This review focuses on current knowledge of the pathways of redox regulation, with discussion of the somewhat juxtaposed hypotheses of "oxidative damage" versus "oxidative signaling," within the wider context of physiological function, from plant cell biology to potential applications.

Change in Physiological Features in Ryegrass Biotypes in Competition With Soybean Due Resistance to Glyphosate

“…The chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments are connected to photosynthetic efficiency and, therefore, to plant growth and adaptation to different environments (Foyer and Noctor, 2009). Thus, the decline of these compounds may compromise photosynthetic activity, hindering the development of the plants.…”

Transcriptomics of induced defense responses to greenbug aphid feeding in near isogenic wheat lines

“…Additionally, as part of the defense mechanisms against phloem-feeding insects and other herbivores, plants are known to alter secondary metabolites, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), peroxidases, and redox homeostasis [19,[29][30][31]. As a defensive mechanism, plants resistant to phloem feeding herbivores increase callose deposition in sieve tubes; while susceptible plants promote callose-decomposing enzymes such as β-1,3-glucanase (also present in aphid saliva), resulting in unplugging of phloem occlusion [32].…”

Delayed expression of SAGs correlates with longevity in CMS wheat plants compared to its fertile plants

“…Senescence like other PCD processes is associated with enhanced ROS accumulation culminating in death in plants (Foyer and Noctor 2009). Early ROS accumulation in F plants than CMS plants may be due to reproductive sinks, which act as a stress in F plants and serve as a signal for start of the senescence program (Srivalli and Khanna-Chopra 2004;Zentgraf et al 2012).…”

“…4). Chloroplasts are also the major source of ROS in plants because of photosynthesis in an aerobic environment, and are the first organelles to show visible symptoms of degradation processes during senescence (Munné and Alegre 2002;Foyer and Noctor 2009). It is likely that damaged proteins in chloroplasts are mobilized quickly in F plants while CMS plants accumulate oxidized proteins in absence of reproductive sinks.…”

“…Antioxidants and ROS scavenging enzymes play an important role in ROS detoxification in the cell (Foyer and Noctor 2009). Balance between production and scavenging of ROS, which normally is tightly regulated, appears to be disrupted during the progression of senescence in different cellular compartments due to depletion of antioxidants and/or decline in activities of ROS scavenging enzymes (Zimmermann and Zentgraf 2005;Srivalli and Khanna-Chopra 2009).…”