Redox Flow Battery for Energy Storage

Chakrabarti, Mohammed Harun; Hajimolana, S.A.; Mjalli, Farouq S.; Saleem, Muhammad; Mustafa, Ibrahim

doi:10.1007/s13369-012-0356-5

Cited by 72 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…In contrast to Wandschneider et al's VORFC model which only simulates for the discharging mode (14), both the charging and discharging phenomena are considered for the VORFC in this work as shown in Eqs. [2] and [3].…”

Section: Mathematical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

One Dimensional Mathematical Modelling of the All-Vanadium and Vanadium/Oxygen Redox Flow Batteries

Chen

Yeoh

Chakrabarti³

2015

ECS Trans.

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The one-dimensional (1-D) model for both the all-vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) and the vanadium/oxygen redox fuel cell (VORFC) incorporates species conservation equations along with an advection term to describe the concentration changes in the porous electrodes. Also, a complete Nernst equation, which accounts for proton concentrations in both systems, is included to improve the cell voltage prediction without using any arbitrary fitting contact voltage. The model is also coupled with the electrochemical reaction kinetics of the vanadium species and the gaseous oxygen (VORFC). Some results predicted by the model are validated against experimental data from the literature successfully such as charging and polarization characteristics. All the predicted trends as well as the cell voltages are consistent with those from higher-dimensional models, which indicate that both the surface overpotentials and transfer current densities vary primarily in the cross-flow (x-) direction. IntroductionRenewable energy sources have a big potential to satisfy the future demand for clean energy (1). Despite that, effective utilization and delivery of these intermittent renewable resources may require a reliable and economical energy storage system (2).There are numerous ways to store energy, mainly by electrochemical, mechanical, electrical, chemical, biological and thermal (3). However, the electrochemical redox flow battery (RFB) storage system is more suitable for use in medium to large scale storage applications, as it has relatively long discharging duration and cycle life compared to other systems (4). In contrast to other batteries, the energy capacity of RFBs is determined by the amount of electrolyte for reaction, which can offer unlimited capacity by simply increasing the volume of the electrolyte storage tanks (4). The independence of energy and power rating of RFBs has also provided significant flexibility to its design (3, 4). Other advantages of RFBs include: high energy efficiency between 75-85%, operable at high depths of discharge without damage to the battery and low operational and maintenance costs of $0.001/ kWh (2, 5). The all-vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) is one of the most promising systems and has been commercialized to date (4). This is mainly due to the use of the same element in both halves of the cells, with the advantage of zero cross-contamination (4). However, the major drawbacks for 10.1149/06610.0001ecst ©The Electrochemical Society ECS Transactions, 66 (10) 1-23 (2015) 1 ) unless CC License in place (see abstract). ecsdl.org/site/terms_use address. Redistribution subject to ECS terms of use (see 128.184.220.23 Downloaded on 2015-08-11 to IPVRFBs are its relatively low energy density of about 25-30 Wh kg -1 , attributed to the low vanadium salt solubility as well as its high cost of about $500-600/kWh, associated with the large amount of expensive vanadium electrolyte employed (6, 7).To penetrate a broader market, these drawbacks have to be addressed. Over the years, the alternatives of c...

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Section: Mathematical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The details on the approach on how these parameters are simulated for the VORFC will be discussed later in a subsequent publication (27 For consistency with the physics, the inlet concentration of the last ionic species, [2][3][4] SO , will be evaluated by means of the electroneutrality relation (19):…”

Section: Boundary Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

One Dimensional Mathematical Modelling of the All-Vanadium and Vanadium/Oxygen Redox Flow Batteries

Chen

Yeoh

Chakrabarti³

2015

ECS Trans.

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“…Moreover, maintenance is easy mainly because the same electrolyte is supplied to individual cells, and therefore, the state of charge (SOC) in each cell does not need to be monitored. No self‐discharge occurs during standby and stoppage, except in the cell section as the electrolyte is stored in the positive and negative tanks separately in this battery . In addition, various researchers recommended that RFBs are expected to be a good solution to cope with the challenges of power system when renewable energy, such as solar and wind power generation, is integrated into large amounts to the power system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Grid frequency enhancement using coordinated action of wind unit with redox flow battery in a deregulated electricity market

Dhundhara

Verma

2020

Int Trans Electr Energ Syst

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Summary Growing electricity demand, environmental issues, and challenge to decrease dependence on fossil fuel resources have increased the inception of wind generation into the power system. However, higher penetration of wind‐based generating units into the existing grid can affect the working of the power system. Traditionally, a wind unit does not provide inertia, but collectively, wind units can have a notable impact on the dynamic performance of the power system. However, the battery energy storage systems have the potential to offer flexibility and ancillary supports to the power system. This article evaluates the impact of redox flow battery (RFB) in coordination with a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)–based wind turbine unit (WTU) to enrich the dynamic performances of a multi‐source interconnected power system in a deregulated electricity market. The modified inertial control scheme is proposed for the DFIG unit that responds in the event of frequency deviation in the grid. The turbine sheds its kinetic energy and provides active power injection, thereby enhancing the frequency response of the system. The recently developed moth‐flame optimization (MFO) algorithm is employed for optimal tuning of the proportional‐integral (PI) controller and the speed regulator of a DFIG‐WTU. The simulation studies have been executed to analyze the impact of the RFB with WTU on the system frequency, tie‐line and different generating units power through a comparative study in terms of the settling time, and peak overshoot/undershoot in a deregulated electricity market. The analysis reveals that the WTU effectively contributes to sustaining the frequency and tie‐line power oscillations during abrupt load disturbances in the proposed power system. Moreover, the inclusion of RFB in coordination with the WTU helps to reduce the stress on a wind turbine during inertial control scheme. It can also reduce wind curtailments by absorbing excess power flowing through transmission lines, reduces wastage of green energy, and gives better dynamic response under different operating conditions of the deregulated electricity market.

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“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] In historic perspective, the earliest comprehensive and systematic study on VRB is Skyllas Kazacos (University of New South Wales, Australia) in the 1980s. [12][13][14][15] Figure 1 illustrates the simple schematic of the VRB system, 16 wherein the cell stack is the core of VRB.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polypropylene elastomer composite for the all-vanadium redox flow battery: current collector materials

et al. 2015

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ARTICLE This journal isIn this study, carbon-based polypropylene thermoplastic elastomer (PP-elastomer) composite for current collectors of all-vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) was successfully prepared. The volume resistivity of the PP-elastomer composite was 0.47 Ω·cm. Its tensile strength and elongation at break were 6.6 MPa and 250%, respectively. In addition, good flow property in processing makes this composite has the potential on mass industrial production of current collectors. The single cell and the cell stack of VRB battery equipped with the composite current collectors were assembled for battery tests, including cyclic voltammetry, long-term performance, long-term stability, and the oxidation corrosion. To evaluate the stability and the performance of the cell stack under a long-term operating condition, tests with more than 2300 charge-discharge cycles were carried out. The coulombic efficiency (CE) and voltage efficiency (VE) of the cell stack maintained around 93% and 80% during 2300 charge-discharge cycles, and energy efficiency EE hold around 75%. The results approved that VRB battery equipped the composite current collectors had a good stability and performance. Furthermore, long-term corrosion tests indicated that PP-elastomer composite could endure the strong corrosion of pentavalent vanadium and the concentrated sulfuric acid. The composite materials prepared in this study are more suitable to produce the current collectors. The corrosion resistance of composite materials is much better than that of the graphite, and the mechanism was also discussed. Positive electrode reaction (φ θ = 1.004 V):Negative electrode reaction (φ θ = -0.255 V):Overall electrochemical reaction of the cell (φ θ = 1.259 V):All-vanadium redox flow battery has a capacity on theoretically unlimited charging and discharging, which is superior to other types of batteries. However, excessive overcharging of the VRB can lead to degradation of the positive electrode and decreases the cycle life. The most critical issue for the development of VRB is the identification, characterization, and fabrication of suitable electrode materials with low cost, light weight, flexibility, and good stability under highly corrosive operating conditions, 21 especially for current collector materials. To date, several kinds of carbon-based electrode materials have been investigated for VRB application. 24 Graphite felt is an ideal VRB electrode material which provided active sites for the vanadium redox reaction due to its higher specific surface areas and enhanced three-dimensional network structures, excellent conductivity, and electrochemical stability. 25 Moreover, through surface treatments such as chemical etching, 26 nanoparticle decorating, 27, 28 thermal treatment, 29 the electrochemical reaction kinetics on graphite felt will be greatly improved.

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Redox Flow Battery for Energy Storage

Cited by 72 publications

References 69 publications

One Dimensional Mathematical Modelling of the All-Vanadium and Vanadium/Oxygen Redox Flow Batteries

One Dimensional Mathematical Modelling of the All-Vanadium and Vanadium/Oxygen Redox Flow Batteries

Grid frequency enhancement using coordinated action of wind unit with redox flow battery in a deregulated electricity market

Polypropylene elastomer composite for the all-vanadium redox flow battery: current collector materials

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